Slavery and Racism

Jack O’Donnell Development of Western Civilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination based on inherently different traits is justifiable.Behn, in Oroonoko, makes the fundamental differences between slavery and racism apparent. With the philosophical views of Rousseau and Trouillot’s analysis on the Haitian revolution, slavery and racism in Oroonoko can easily be separated and distinguished to show their dissimilarities. In the novel, Oroonoko is an African prince and war hero who enslaves many men from the various tribes he conq uers in battle. Oroonoko believes this form of slavery is just and should be acceptable. Later in the story, Oroonoko is tricked and sold into slavery.He eventually works with many of the slaves he had sold to the Europeans back in Africa. Oroonoko considers this form of slavery to be incredibly unjust. The plantation owners did not â€Å"win† their slaves over in battle like Oroonoko, rather they barter or trade for them (Boeninger 9/26). The white males also treat Oroonoko as a lesser human being even though he is royalty. They constantly deceive Oroonoko into believing that his freedom is coming when in reality it is nowhere in sight. Because there was such an economic gap between the black slaves and the white slave owners, racism naturally became common custom (Behn).Racism in this case was derived from slavery; they were not the same idea. Behn depicts slavery and racism in this manner to show how different the two ideas are. In Africa, the slaves and the slave owners w ere of the same race. The color of their skin was not a factor in how they were treated. The fact that they lost in battle was the only reason they were slaves (Behn). In the Americas however, race had a much bigger role in the treatment of slaves. The large plantation owners were white and the slaves were black.Because of the racial divide in the owners and slaves, many forms of racism were justified (Boeninger 9/27). This also led to the discrimination of the free black men in the society. Behn purposely shows slavery in Africa and slavery in Surinam to point out the extreme differences between racism and slavery. Behn’s description of Oroonoko and Imoinda also show the inherent difference between racism and slavery. Behn describes Oroonoko as a beautiful person by stating, â€Å"His nose was rising and Roman instead of African and flat; his mouth the finest shape that could be seen, [†¦].The whole proportion and air of his face was so noble and exactly formed that, b ating his color there could be nothing in nature more beautiful, agreeable, and handsome (Behn 13). † The fantastic image Behn provides shows the reader that slavery and racism have different foundations. If they were the same idea, Behn would have never given such praise to a slave. She compares Oroonoko’s looks to those of a white man which would not have happened if racism and slavery were the same. The description of his beauty relays to the reader that slavery and racism can be two very separate entities.Even though Behn makes a clear distinction between slavery and racism in the novel, many people would disagree in how she got that message across. In Oroonoko, Behn’s message seems anti-racist but it appears that she does not have a problem with slavery. Her problem arises from how the slaves are treated, but slavery in general is acceptable for Behn. One philosopher in particular would have a problem with Behn’s message. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, if he were to read Oroonoko, would have some concerns. In Rousseau’s â€Å"A Discourse†, he discusses slavery and the rights of man.Rousseau believes that all men are born free and are equal according to nature. He would criticize Behn on her opinion of slavery saying that all men are born and should remain equal (Rousseau). Behn is very passive about her views on slavery where Rousseau is active in his writings. Even though he disagrees with Behn’s view on slavery he still believes slavery and racism are different. Rousseau would not dispute Behn over her view of racism. According to Rousseau, racism contrasts with his view on the rights of man. He believes all men are created equal; race should not be a reason to discriminate.He would also affirm what Behn has to say about the horrible treatment of Oroonoko by the white males throughout the story. They kept deceiving and leading Oroonoko on when they knew he would never be freed. Rousseau would say he should have r eceived better treatment. The color of his skin should not matter in his given situation. Rousseau’s belief on the equality of mankind can be used to critique the works of Behn (Carlson 11/10). Even though there are disagreements between the views Behn and Rousseau, both see that racism and slavery are two different ideas and should be treated separately.The Haitian revolution also witnessed severe racism and slavery. In Haiti, slaves occupied about 85% of the population while the free men only occupied about 15% (Breen 10/31). The sugar plantations needed these slaves to run the production which was a gruesome process. Through this horrible procedure, many people made their fortunes. The rich white men would have children with their black slaves and eventually their heirs were of mixed race. When the white females came to Haiti to look for a partner, they noticed the white males were only attracted to the mixed race females.The hatred led to severe racism of the black commun ity in Haiti (Breen 10/31). The stories of the beginning stages of Haitian revolution can easily be compared to the novel Oroonoko. In the Haitian revolution, many of the slave owners were of African descent. They resemble Oroonoko in Africa when he owned slaves of his same race. Racism was not a factor in either of these situations but slavery was. Because all parties were of the same race, slavery and racism did not go hand in hand. The problem in both cases was when the Europeans intervene.The racism was very prevalent in Oroonoko when all the white males were lying to him. They clearly did not respect the fact that he was royalty because of his descent. During the Haitian revolution, the European women’s jealousy caused racism to become prevalent on the island (Breen 10/31). The European jealousy also led to racism back in France. The European intermediates were one of the sources of racism in the early stages of the Haitian Revolution and in Oroonoko. The Haitian revolut ion was a power struggle amongst the white French and the black Haitians.Within this battle, many sects of Haitian rebel groups began fighting among each other. In Trouillot’s Silencing the Past, he discusses these fights among each other in the form of King Henry and Sans Souci (Trouillot). In his book, Trouillot talks about the race dilemma with the French and the Haitians. If Trouillot were to read Behn’s work, he would see similarities between the racism in Surinam and the racism in Haiti. In Oroonoko, the blacks are treated so horribly that they eventually revolted. That is very similar to what happened in Haiti. The Haitians eventually could not take the abuse and decided to revolt.In both cases they revolted for the racism and the slavery (Carlson 10/3). In Silencing the Past and Oroonoko during the revolts, it seems that slavery and racism are the same. In actuality the slavery and racist views stem about from different ideas. Even though at times it seems that slavery and racism are related, there are always underlying views that separate the two thoughts. Through Aphra Behn’s novel, the public can get a solid grasp of the differences between racism and slavery. With the help of Rousseau and Trouillot, the differences between slavery and racism only become greater and more distinct.Hopefully, people will come to realize how different these two ideologies actually are so they can get a better grasp of the past. Bibliography Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Boeninger. Notes. 9/26/2011-9/27/2011 Breen. Notes. 10/31/2011 Carlson. Notes. 10/3/2011, 11/10/2011 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. â€Å"Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Second Part. †Ã‚  Index. G. D. H Cole, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. . Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. â€Å"The Three Faces of Sans Souci. †Ã‚  Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1995. Print. Slavery and Racism Jack O’Donnell Development of Western Civilization Dr. Carlson November 17, 2011 Slavery and Racism: Are They One in the Same? Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination based on inherently different traits is justifiable.Behn, in Oroonoko, makes the fundamental differences between slavery and racism apparent. With the philosophical views of Rousseau and Trouillot’s analysis on the Haitian revolution, slavery and racism in Oroonoko can easily be separated and distinguished to show their dissimilarities. In the novel, Oroonoko is an African prince and war hero who enslaves many men from the various tribes he conq uers in battle. Oroonoko believes this form of slavery is just and should be acceptable. Later in the story, Oroonoko is tricked and sold into slavery.He eventually works with many of the slaves he had sold to the Europeans back in Africa. Oroonoko considers this form of slavery to be incredibly unjust. The plantation owners did not â€Å"win† their slaves over in battle like Oroonoko, rather they barter or trade for them (Boeninger 9/26). The white males also treat Oroonoko as a lesser human being even though he is royalty. They constantly deceive Oroonoko into believing that his freedom is coming when in reality it is nowhere in sight. Because there was such an economic gap between the black slaves and the white slave owners, racism naturally became common custom (Behn).Racism in this case was derived from slavery; they were not the same idea. Behn depicts slavery and racism in this manner to show how different the two ideas are. In Africa, the slaves and the slave owners w ere of the same race. The color of their skin was not a factor in how they were treated. The fact that they lost in battle was the only reason they were slaves (Behn). In the Americas however, race had a much bigger role in the treatment of slaves. The large plantation owners were white and the slaves were black.Because of the racial divide in the owners and slaves, many forms of racism were justified (Boeninger 9/27). This also led to the discrimination of the free black men in the society. Behn purposely shows slavery in Africa and slavery in Surinam to point out the extreme differences between racism and slavery. Behn’s description of Oroonoko and Imoinda also show the inherent difference between racism and slavery. Behn describes Oroonoko as a beautiful person by stating, â€Å"His nose was rising and Roman instead of African and flat; his mouth the finest shape that could be seen, [†¦].The whole proportion and air of his face was so noble and exactly formed that, b ating his color there could be nothing in nature more beautiful, agreeable, and handsome (Behn 13). † The fantastic image Behn provides shows the reader that slavery and racism have different foundations. If they were the same idea, Behn would have never given such praise to a slave. She compares Oroonoko’s looks to those of a white man which would not have happened if racism and slavery were the same. The description of his beauty relays to the reader that slavery and racism can be two very separate entities.Even though Behn makes a clear distinction between slavery and racism in the novel, many people would disagree in how she got that message across. In Oroonoko, Behn’s message seems anti-racist but it appears that she does not have a problem with slavery. Her problem arises from how the slaves are treated, but slavery in general is acceptable for Behn. One philosopher in particular would have a problem with Behn’s message. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, if he were to read Oroonoko, would have some concerns. In Rousseau’s â€Å"A Discourse†, he discusses slavery and the rights of man.Rousseau believes that all men are born free and are equal according to nature. He would criticize Behn on her opinion of slavery saying that all men are born and should remain equal (Rousseau). Behn is very passive about her views on slavery where Rousseau is active in his writings. Even though he disagrees with Behn’s view on slavery he still believes slavery and racism are different. Rousseau would not dispute Behn over her view of racism. According to Rousseau, racism contrasts with his view on the rights of man. He believes all men are created equal; race should not be a reason to discriminate.He would also affirm what Behn has to say about the horrible treatment of Oroonoko by the white males throughout the story. They kept deceiving and leading Oroonoko on when they knew he would never be freed. Rousseau would say he should have r eceived better treatment. The color of his skin should not matter in his given situation. Rousseau’s belief on the equality of mankind can be used to critique the works of Behn (Carlson 11/10). Even though there are disagreements between the views Behn and Rousseau, both see that racism and slavery are two different ideas and should be treated separately.The Haitian revolution also witnessed severe racism and slavery. In Haiti, slaves occupied about 85% of the population while the free men only occupied about 15% (Breen 10/31). The sugar plantations needed these slaves to run the production which was a gruesome process. Through this horrible procedure, many people made their fortunes. The rich white men would have children with their black slaves and eventually their heirs were of mixed race. When the white females came to Haiti to look for a partner, they noticed the white males were only attracted to the mixed race females.The hatred led to severe racism of the black commun ity in Haiti (Breen 10/31). The stories of the beginning stages of Haitian revolution can easily be compared to the novel Oroonoko. In the Haitian revolution, many of the slave owners were of African descent. They resemble Oroonoko in Africa when he owned slaves of his same race. Racism was not a factor in either of these situations but slavery was. Because all parties were of the same race, slavery and racism did not go hand in hand. The problem in both cases was when the Europeans intervene.The racism was very prevalent in Oroonoko when all the white males were lying to him. They clearly did not respect the fact that he was royalty because of his descent. During the Haitian revolution, the European women’s jealousy caused racism to become prevalent on the island (Breen 10/31). The European jealousy also led to racism back in France. The European intermediates were one of the sources of racism in the early stages of the Haitian Revolution and in Oroonoko. The Haitian revolut ion was a power struggle amongst the white French and the black Haitians.Within this battle, many sects of Haitian rebel groups began fighting among each other. In Trouillot’s Silencing the Past, he discusses these fights among each other in the form of King Henry and Sans Souci (Trouillot). In his book, Trouillot talks about the race dilemma with the French and the Haitians. If Trouillot were to read Behn’s work, he would see similarities between the racism in Surinam and the racism in Haiti. In Oroonoko, the blacks are treated so horribly that they eventually revolted. That is very similar to what happened in Haiti. The Haitians eventually could not take the abuse and decided to revolt.In both cases they revolted for the racism and the slavery (Carlson 10/3). In Silencing the Past and Oroonoko during the revolts, it seems that slavery and racism are the same. In actuality the slavery and racist views stem about from different ideas. Even though at times it seems that slavery and racism are related, there are always underlying views that separate the two thoughts. Through Aphra Behn’s novel, the public can get a solid grasp of the differences between racism and slavery. With the help of Rousseau and Trouillot, the differences between slavery and racism only become greater and more distinct.Hopefully, people will come to realize how different these two ideologies actually are so they can get a better grasp of the past. Bibliography Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. London: Penguin, 2003. Print. Boeninger. Notes. 9/26/2011-9/27/2011 Breen. Notes. 10/31/2011 Carlson. Notes. 10/3/2011, 11/10/2011 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. â€Å"Rousseau: On the Origin of Inequality: Second Part. †Ã‚  Index. G. D. H Cole, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. . Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. â€Å"The Three Faces of Sans Souci. †Ã‚  Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston, MA: Beacon, 1995. Print.

Personal Troubles

When our country goes into a recession and Jobs have to get cut that is out of the individuals control. It isn't their fault a company has to lay people off due to lack of money. Also you see things like the cost of living and healthcare which are very expensive for people to afford right now. A lot of people have a Job and work hard and still can't afford healthcare or a a decent home. That Is my understanding of the public Issues. Things that happen in the country that Is a bad break for people. My understanding of personal Issues is things that happen to certain individuals such as n Injury or Illness, another thing out of their control.People get hurt and can't work and that results In a lower standard of living for them and their family. Also some personal issues can be controlled such as when someone wants to get another job or quit their job. Some get fired for not performing well, this is something they could have controlled and as a result are now in poverty. It goes both wa ys there are way people get into poverty that are Just out of their control and some ways some of these people could have prevented. In many ways â€Å"personal troubles† and â€Å"public issues† go hand in hand when it comes to poverty.Often times public issues can cause personal troubles. For example, a factory closing In a small town is a public Issue, affecting the city government and citizens of the town. The closing of a factory will cause personal troubles for the workers who are now unemployed. Personal troubles and public Issues can both lead to poverty. Factors that lead to poverty that can be controlled by an individual could be how they spend/save the money that they earn. A person that makes a argue income, for example, might not be good at investing their money into the needs of their family and waste it instead, bringing them into poverty.On the other hand, a family with a lesser income who save and spend wisely may be considered â€Å"middle-class†. Factors that are beyond an individual's control might include war, the country's economy, no available Jobs, and catastrophes (hurricanes, earthquakes, etc. ). Sociological Imagination Is the link between â€Å"personal troubles† and â€Å"public Issues†. To understand this you must understand the connection between the two Issues. Personal troubles describes the character of an Individual and what social Issues are affecting him or her directly.Public issues are matters that can't be controlled by the contribute to poverty that an individual can control are; controlling spending tendencies, get an education to help get Jobs, and living in an affordable area. Factors that are beyond the individuals control are; prices of necessary life demands such as food, clothing shelter, and taxes. Both of these factors contribute to poverty because the personal troubles of one person will eventually lead to public issues. An example loud be a individual who gets fired for not having the appropriate skills brings up the societies unemployment rate.After thoroughly learning about Sociological Imagination it is clear that you must understand what public issues is and personal troubles is. Public issues are problems that come up that you can't control. And it does not only affect you as an individual but the society as a whole. Personal troubles are problems that society creates that affect you as an individual. Many times public issues and personal troubles are linked together. In response to Poverty in the US there are many resistances where the public issues create personal troubles on an individual.For example, if a company goes out of business and goes bankrupt then everyone in that company is now unemployed. That is something they had no control over and now it's a personal trouble for them. I think that a personal problem pertaining to poverty could be someone who doesn't manage or invest his or her income well. If an injury were to happen and they do n't have enough money to cover it, I think that would be something they could have prevented. You can prevent an injury and you can also learn how to deal with your money better.

Minority ethnic group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Minority ethnic group - Essay Example The concept of boundaries began to get eliminated. The entire globe was observed as a global village. The nationals of different countries in hunt of a better life style and professional opportunities started migrating to different developed countries. Some of them settled over there and since then never came back to their country of origin. The trend of migrating to different countries gave rise to the communities. These communities were named according to the country of origin. The communities were not only created on the basis of countries, there are also communities based on the basis of similar religion, lifestyle, culture, language, etc. If we examine countries like USA, UK, etc, we observe different communities within their societies based on the variables mentioned above. The major factor in the birth of a minority is the difference of beliefs, language, culture, values, etc, from the majority of that particular society of the country. In most of the countries, the ethnic minority groups are now recognized as influential factor in the political scenario of the particular country. A most recent example would be of â€Å"Blacks† in South Africa during the apartheid era. Wagley and Harris (1958) defines minority ethnic group as people portraying five characteristics. The list includes; unjust treatment and less control of their lives, different physical and cultural features, automatic membership of a particular group, understanding of subordination and frequent internal group marriages. So, it would not be wrong to say the societies especially of developed economies are now multi ethnic. According to National Statistics (2005), the portion of ethnicity in UK increased by 53% from year, 1991 to 2001. The increase in ethnicity was 7.9% of the total UK population (Sheikh, 2005). The multi ethnic societies started to develop more rapidly as the influx of the best human capital was very

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present Term Paper

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Present - Term Paper Example Additionally, the roman farmers used various tools for farming. They used the ard to plough the land because it could break the soil into fine particles. According to Gedacht (9) they ploughed the land in right-angled directions to create an even surface. At times, the soil was heavy because it contained roots and vines. This forced the farmers to use heavy oxen to plough the land. During harvesting, they used sickles and scythes. However, they improved the sickle by moving the lever at a slant to the hilt to ensure minimal strain on the arm. Additionally, they developed an animal driven machine that could remove the crop’s head and insert into a container. During the hot climate, irrigation was vital for favorable crop growth. The farmers constructed dams and reservoirs lined with water-resistant cement to provide the requisite water to enhance production (Gedacht, 12). Irrigation was vital in dealing with the growing population because it assisted in sustaining the food grai ns output. These farmers exercised hoeing and weeding in a similar way as the present non-mechanized communities. They had adequate knowledge of growing diverse crops concurrently to minimize weed growth. Additionally, they were also conversant with the benefits of manure. This prompted them to graze their livestock on fallow land because this approach would replenish the land with manure (Frank 10). Additionally, the farmers incorporated the rotary practice in milling grain, a development that resulted to setting up of a water mill. However, the outcome of the diverse milling methods was varied flour grades. Hand milling was also an important practice among the Roman farmers. One hand controlled the mill while the remaining hand fed the machine with grains. Animal husbandry was prevalent among the Romans. They used donkeys and oxen during work and reared sheep for milk and wool. Apart from provision of food, the farmers reared goats because they provided hair for

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management accounting - Essay Example But, desirability and effectiveness of accounting for organization control is a critical issue because accounting procedures consists of few integrative devices of organizations where business activities are not only drawn together by values but those are integrated in a quantitative manner. So, accounting is most efficient tool of organizational control system where standard qualitative procedures are followed to evaluate qualitative performance of the organizations for management control over the organizations. These facilitates other external stakeholders of the organizations like investors, creditors etc. for their valuable financial decision making which are highly depends on actual performance of the organizations. So, this study analyzes the effectiveness or relevance, desirability, faithfulness or reliability of accounting information for management control over organizations. Introduction Organizations show stable and consistent types of behaviour in interaction with the bus iness environment which is consistently changing. They have wide range of external influences from external business environment but have enough capability to change internally to protect their integrity. This stability and flexibility of organizational internal behaviour and control possess through effective and integrative control mechanism. One of the most important control mechanisms of organizational is internal accounting system. This consists of integrative process of accounting for implementation of accounting information in management control. So, management accounting systems has major importance in organizations as it consists of some integrative mechanisms that are capable for summarizing the qualitative effect of organizational actions or activities in quantitative values. This study review the major functions of accounting information that helps the management in the area of integrative process of organizational control. Efficient accounting provides integrative langua ge for analysing the impact of diverse internal and external influences on organizations that have substantial positive or negative impact on organizational performance. Nature of organizational control with respect to implication accounting information is qualitatively reviewed in this paper to assess the necessary conditions for control. These conditions are derived and applied in management control. Main objective of accounting policy is to produce fair valued accounting information that is highly reliable and relevant to the purpose and objectives of financials statement (WBS, 2012). The extent of desirability and effectiveness of accounting information are analysed with respect to management control and strategic decision making process. Further, scope of faithful or reliable accounting information on organizational control by management is also analysed. Again, measurement process of organizational performance both quantitative and qualitative is analysed with reference to the implication of relevant and reliable accounting information in organizational performance measurement and essential internal reconstruction with respect to change in external business environment. Desirability and Effectiveness of accounting information for organizational control There are two broad purpose of accounting information, external and internal. External purpose includes the investment decision making by the shareholders and potential new investors of an organization, credit

The Economics of the Doll and Car Industry in the USA and in China Term Paper

The Economics of the Doll and Car Industry in the USA and in China - Term Paper Example Doll Production Doll production does not involve much heavy equipment to carry out its industrial production according to the movie. Considering the fact that doll making could be very convoluted and intricate at some point, it requires more labor force than machines since most machines do not have the capability to perform extremely complicated tasks with high levels of precision. Also, doll production takes in a lot of workers to work on the quality checking, dressing, molding phase, and assembling. Looking at the conditions, doll manufacturers have lower production as compared to other industries such as the car industry in that doll industry implements labor intensity rather than capital intensity. This is the reason why the doll industry employs several hundreds to thousands of workers to meet its production quota. It’s vivid from the movie that doll production goes through several phases. These phases includes, molding body parts, assembling of the body parts, varying doll colors, doll dressing, quality check and packaging. Most of the China dolls are manufactured by low fired ceramic. The doll heads are labeled easily lost stickers inside the heads. Certainly, each phase calls for a lot of workers to perform each type of operation. Consequently, the current doll production process entails not just lower production but also higher production cost as doll manufacturers have to remunerate a considerable number of workers. Car Production In car production employs capital intensity in the manufacture of the cars. Car manufacturers use a large part of its capital to purchase and install extremely heavy and costly machines and robots rather than workers to carry out its production. (Economy Watch, â€Å"Capital Intensive Industry†). One fine example is the recently constructed Honda assembly plant in Wuhan, Central China. This new Honda facility poses a capability to produce thousands of cars annually. As a matter of fact, as stated on the video, DFAC Honda has produced 164,200 units in 2008 alone; and this is still way short to the facility’s maximum production capacity of 240,000 cars. Honda also underwent a joint venture, which combined Guangzhou Honda and DFAC Honda. This merger has resulted into Honda being one of the top five selling car brands, 470,000 units sold annually, and two independent channels of sales. Also, 95% of this production was sold in China, and 70% of the auto parts were supplied locally. Honda’s high production can be attributed to its implementation of capital intensity. It uses heavy equipment and high-priced machines to work as substitute for the labor force. In general, car manufacturers prefer this strategy in their production because it entails high production but lesser production cost. In the video, Honda installs hundreds of robots and heavy machines to build cars. These robots and machines work simultaneously and coordinately for a faster and more precise assembly of cars. Capital-intensive industries such as Honda do not necessarily discount the importance of labor force. Car manufactures still employ labor force to perform very important functions in the installation of small auto parts and for checking the quality of the car; although, car production requires smaller number of workers. Labor Intensity Labor intensity involves a large number of employees or longer hours of work from its employees in order to meet certain production quota. The production cost can be measured by taking the proportion between the labor cost and the capital cost. In the case of doll production, a lot of human labor is implicated since. This is because it involves a lot of complicated tasks and high levels of precision in the making unlike the car industry whereby human labor is minimal. This makes the doll industry is labor intensive. Capital Intensity Capital intensity entails an investment of the capital to heavy and expensive machines to act as substitute for a

Importance of The Glorious Qur'an Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Importance of The Glorious Qur'an - Essay Example Introduction. The Qur’an is the holy text which holds the fundamental ideas underlying the Muslim faith as it is practised across the world. It holds a special place in the lives of Muslims because it is believed to be the word of Allah Himself, as revealed to the Prophet, Muhammad, and written down for the benefit of all who wish to learn from it. This paper examines the origins of this special book and summarizes its main contents. It then explores the importance of the Qur’an throughout history, in earliest times, and then in the twentieth century. Finally there is an examination of the Qur’an’s impact on the world today and the prospect of its continuing influence on the world in the future, along with a summarizing conclusion regarding the overall importance of the glorious Qur’an in human history. The Origins of The Glorious Qur’an. There is a huge gap in the understanding of men and the understanding of Allah, which cannot be bridged b y human intelligence. While Allah is good and merciful, human beings are easily distracted, and can achieve a mixture of good and bad things in their lives. It is perhaps for this reason that the Qur’an was given to mankind: it is a collection of revelations which are intended to guide human beings into the ways of peace and goodness. Other religions, and in particular Judaism and Christianity, also have their sacred texts, which have many elements in common, since these three religions are among the ahl-al-kitab (people of the book). The Qur’an is the particular holy book that was given to Muslims, and its name means â€Å"recitation†, implying that the prophet Muhammad did not invent the words himself, but in fact recited the words of Allah (Sonn, 2010, p. 1) Although the words of the Qur’an may have been first written down by listeners at various points in the lifetime of Muhammad, the text that Muslims now use has been carefully arranged by scholars a fter Muhammad’s death in 632 CE. The text is divided into 114 surah (chapters) each of which has a title, and a number of ayat (verses). It is written in Arabic, the language of Muhammad’s native land, and from the very beginning scholars have taken great care to preserve the exact and correct form of words that was used from the very beginning. A minor addition was made in the ninth century when scholars added some marks to indicate vowels, because the existence of different dialects of Arabic meant that ambiguities and differences could creep into the reading of the text in different places. (Sonn, 2010, p. 5) Muhammad himself taught believers read the text, and also learn it word for word, and be able to recite it so that the message is preserved complete and unchanged in their minds. This tradition was continued by Muslims after his death, leading to the formation of mosques and schools dedicated to passing on the knowledge of the Qur’an to future generation s. Muslims treat the actual text of the Qur’an with the deepest respect, and make use of portions for decorative and ceremonial purposes. There are additional sacred texts, known as the hadith which gather together some of the sayings of Muhammad and these are often

HR Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Proposal - Essay Example According to Yousef (2004), the Middle Eastern countries have the lowest levels of social and economic development in the world. The population in this region is approximately 313 million with a GDP of $732 billion (Yousef, 2004). Unemployment rate in Middle East is 15% which is among the highest rates globally (Yousef, 2004). This includes women rate of unemployment which is higher than the males. The role played by the women in the Middle East workforce is very little but very crucial. As more and more women enter the workforce, it is encouraging for the new generation women to take education which was once thought as an unnecessary thing (Ross, 2008). As women participate in the workplace, it open ups the view that they can earn their own income and thus contribute to the household besides the traditional household duties. For this reason, many Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and UAE are increasing the women percentage in the workplace by expanding the jobs available to them. Most of the employment sectors heavily populated by women are education and health care (Rubin, 2007). According to a census in 2000, the women workforce occupied 74% of primary school, 54% of secondary school and a certain percentage of them were involved as police officers, military officers and taxi drivers (Rubin, 2007). The role of women in the workplace in Middle East is increasing especially in countries such as Egypt, Bahrain, Lebanon, Morocco and Kuwait as the governments are trying to provide better facilities to increase female participation. Female entrepreneurs are increasing rapidly. Many firms are operated by females in the aforementioned regions which are well-established, technologically advanced, productive and comparable to the male-owned firms not just regionally but globally (Ghimire, 2006). Most of these firms, according to Ghimire (2006), are 1.7 times more productive as compared to those owned and run by men. For example, a B2B trading

Medical ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical ethics - Essay Example To some degree I would classify myself as a secular humanist and believe that ethical decisions should be based on firm logic and ethical theory, instead of religious doctrine. One of the major issues of in medical ethics has been the question of whether individuals in severe and life-ending pain should be able to commit euthanasia. Currently, individuals such as Dr. Jack Kevorkian have been imprisoned for practicing euthanasia. I believe this should not occur. I object entirely to the notion that individuals in such situations should not have the option of terminating their life. I believe that if an individual is clearly in a strong level of pain and their life will be hindered beyond enjoyment and wellness, then the individual should be given the option of ending their existence. Furthermore, allowing religious doctrine to dictate medical ethics is a dangerous slope, wherein progress and outstanding care may be compromised because of outdated

How the Elements of Poetry Have An Effect on a Poem Essay

How the Elements of Poetry Have An Effect on a Poem - Essay Example On the other hand, a metaphor refers to the comparison of two phenomena but without the use of as, like or such. The metaphor usually states that one phenomenon is in fact another. Throughout this poem the entire concept of happiness was embodied with the use of metaphors and similes. Firstly, the author began the poem with the idea of an early morning setting. The imagery used to denote how early was the fact that ‘it was still dark out’. It appears that the poet used an extended metaphor of early morning to denote happiness. Every minute detail of the morning was ultimately equated to happiness. From the apparent darkness of the early morning to the welcoming light, which causes the moon to fade, indicate the sheer extent of the poet’s happiness. The activity of the two boys in the street every step they made brought happiness closer and closer until ‘it goes beyond, really’ - beyond the immediate gaze of the poet to another location where happiness would continue. The early morning darkness surrendering to the light of the day also gives continuity to happiness because another early morning would appear sometime ‘beyon d’ this instantaneous setting. Interestingly, he used the notion of tangible things to connote the intangible. Hence ‘early morning stuff’ was compared to deep ‘thought’ in the mind of the poet. Thus, the use of this metaphor allows the reader to view ‘thought’ as a normal part of early morning activity such as brushing one’s teeth or bathing. Thought takes on the added dimension of early morning ‘stuff’. The author then uses the comparison of silence with happiness. Thus, the metaphor is the equation of silence to happiness. The poet conveys, ‘they are so happy they aren’t saying anything.’ Clearly, the poet believes that true happiness signifies the unspoken word and the lack of noise or interference to disturb the position of happiness. Happiness now has a voice that refuses to

English Composition Essay Example for Free

English Composition Essay I am writing my research paper on the topic of mandatory minimum jail sentences. Why do we have mandatory minimum sentences for certain criminal offenses that cause individuals to do extended prison terms when their offenses are totally different from someone who commits a similar offense but do the same amount of time? My work in law enforcement leads me to believe that people should not be sentenced to mandatory sentences. I’ve seen a number young men incarcerated for minor crimes who received mandatory sentences that appeared to be very harsh in comparison to the offense they were convicted of. This argument should be of interest to those who have the power to change the law, opposers of the law, and those in favor of mandatory sentences who feel they are equitable. I will argue that the laws governing mandatory minimum sentences should be amended. I believe the length of a sentence, should depend upon the severity of the offense committed. For example, someone apprehended with a small bag of marijuana for personal usage should not be required to complete the same sentence as someone with pounds of marijuana that was planned to be widely distributed. To be sure justice is served, which is the goal of the court system, criminal sentences should be decided on an individual basis with due consideration to guidelines given by the law. It should also be argued that the first purpose of the court should be to rehabilitate. This can only be done by personal consideration of each case and punishment. I look forward to sharing my thoughts on this provocative issue.

Political Science Essay Example for Free

Political Science Essay Chapter 1 1. Authority: the recognized right of officials to exercise power 2. Constitutionalism: the idea that there are lawful restrictions on government’s power 3. Corporate power: operates in part through the influence that firms have with policy makers 4. Democracy: a form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through an elected representative. 5. Elitism: the power well exercised by well positioned and high influential individuals 6. Free market system: operates mainly on private transactions. Firms are largely free to make their own production, distribution and pricing decisions 7. Judicial action: the use of courts as means of asserting rights and interests. 8. Majoritarianism: the situation in which the majority effectively determines what the government does 9. Pluralism: holds that, most issues, the preference of the special interest largely determines what government does 10. Political Science: the systematic study of government and politics 11. Political thinking: careful gathering and sifting of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about a political issue 12. Politics: the means by which society settles in conflicts and allocates the resulting the benefits and costs 13. Power: refers to the ability of persons, groups or institutions to influence political developments 14. Public policies: decisions of government to pursue particular courses of action Chapter 2 1. Anti-Federalists: raised arguments that national government would ne too powerful and would threaten self government in the separate states and the liberty of people 2. Bill of Rights: includes those as freedom of speech, religion, due process protections. 3. Checks and Balances: no institution can act decisively without the support or acquiescence of the other institution. 4. Constitution: a fundamental law that defines how government will legitimately operate; the method for choosing its leaders, the institutions through which these leaders will work, the procedures they must follow in making policy and the powers they can lawfully exercise; highest law of the land 5. Constitutional democratic republic: the type of government created in the United States in 1787. a. Constitutional: in its requirement to gain power through elections be exercised in accordance with law and with due respect for individual rights b. Democratic: in its provisions for majority influence through elections c. Republic: in its mix of deliberative institutions, each of which moderates the power of others 6. Delegates: officeholders who are obligated to carry out the expressed opinions of the people they represent 7. Limited government: one that is subject to strict legal limits on the uses of power, so that it would not threaten the people’s liberty 8. Self Government: one in which the people would be the ultimate source of governing authority and would have a voice in their governing 9. Inalienable rights or Natural rights: life, liberty and property, which are threaten by individuals 10. The Virginia Plan:/Large State Plan: included separate judicial and executive branches as well as two chamber congress that would have supreme authority in all areas 11. The New Jersey Plan / Small State Plan: call for a stronger national government than that provided by the articles of confederation 12. The Great Compromise: the agreement of the constitutional convention to create a two chamber congress with the House appointed by population and the Senate apportioned equally by the state 13. 3/5 Compromise: each slave was to count as less than a person. 14. Federalists: Constitution supporters 15. Liberty: the principle that individuals should be free to act, and think as they choose, provided they do not infringe on the well being of others 16. Grants of Power: framers chose to limit the national government in part by confirming its scope of authority to those powers expressively granted in the Constitution. 17. Denials of Power: a means to limit government to prohibit certain practices that European rulers had routinely used to oppressed political opponents 18. Separation of Powers: division of the powers of government among separate institutions or branches 19. Separated institution sharing power: 20. Checks and Balances: No institution can act decisively without the support or acquiescence of the other institutions 21. Judicial Review: the power of the judiciary to decide whether a government official or institution that has acted within its limits of the Constitution 22. Tyranny Sovergnty: a government cannot be sovereign if it can be overruled by another government 23. Federalism: a governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government, national and regional. 24. Unitary system: sovereignty is vested solely in the national government. 25. Confederacy: the type of government that existed under the Articles of confederation 26.

The future of cloud computing in malaysia

The future of cloud computing in malaysia In this day and age, cloud computing is a hot topic anywhere across the nation and Malaysia is not to be left behind. Therefore, since the effects of cloud computing are said to be enormous, this research study will cover few objectives in order to examine the future of cloud computing in Malaysia through distinguishing the classification or types of cloud computing, analyzing its potentiality, identifying its pros and cons and its security measures. Nonetheless, before the term Cloud computing is further discussed, it is briefly explained as a web-based technology whereby a number of data are hosted and managed through the internet and web to support business process. IT professionals are adapting to this technology in order to get in line with the fast growing new era of technology nowadays. Compared to the previous technology, this advance revolution of cloud computing is claimed to be very much cost and time saving. However, while cloud computing is on the rise there are many questions raised by various companies considering our current use of information technology. They are particularly the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, its future potentials and risks and whether the organization across the nation should adapt or acquire cloud computing. Recently, as cited by President and CEO of Mimos, Datuk Abdul Wahab Abdullah in The Star Online (Monday July 13, 2009), Cloud computing is the next logical step in ICT (information and communications technology), Further more he stated that With a headstart in our involvement in its research, we will be on par with other countries in cloud computing and Malaysia will be able to reap the benefits as an early adopter. This shows the interest of participation towards the technology of computing in the clouds which has become a hype talks in forums and website among the IT professionals and CEOs anywhere around the globe nowadays. The terms used for this research paper includes SaaS which refer to an acronym for Software as a Service and PaaS which refer to an acronym for Platform as a Service. According to an online journal of Cloud Computing and SOA (http://www.mortengryning.dk/Work/coa.pdf), PaaS is defined as a platform delivered as a service which can run web services and applications, and which is an abstraction from the infrastructure underneath. PaaS if difference from a normal platform in that PaaS does not require knowledge or care about the underlying infrastructures hardware or software. In addition, it stated that cloud services means cloud computing functionality offered such as storage, processing and so forth. In other words, cloud computing is claimed to be able to replace the current IT trend of running software services and applications and utility services as the extra attached services which are executed in the cloud platforms developed by the developer. According to Moore Hebeler(2009) i n the journal Computing in the Clouds cloud applications can be created through two major implementation which are the Amazon Web Service (AWS) and Google Application Engine (GAE). There are few different definitions used for cloud computing or also known as computing in the cloud. In this research paper, the different definitions are explored in order to get better overview of its terms and use as well as to devise a definition use for cloud computing. First, according to an online article on Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf), Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services. The services themselves have long been referred to as Software as a Service (SaaS), so we use that term. The datacenter hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud. Meanwhile, according to an online journal on IBM cloud computing (http://download.boulder.ibm.com/ibmdl/pub/software/dw/wes/hipods/Cloudcomputing_wp_final_8Oct.pdf), Cloud computing is a term used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Third, according to an online article on by Rich Trenholm, CNET.co.uk on An introduction to cloud computing (http://asia.cnet.com/,), The cloud represents the Internet: Instead of using software installed on your computer or saving data to your hard drive, youre working and storing stuff on the Web, in cyberspace. Data is kept on servers run by the service youre using, and tasks are performed in your browser using an interface provided by the service. As a summary based on the three different definitions of clouds computing, cloud computing is actually mostly defined in the different sources however similarities among the definition exists. The similarities are critically reviewed in this research topic whereby the cloud computing may bring about major change in our information technology industry. The questions which might arise based on the reviews are in terms of the pros and cons concerning to the risks and security measure that cloud computing can provide to users and organization. This is because as cited earlier, saving all the data and working and storing them on the web or cyberspace can be very time saving whether by individuals or the whole business organization but then this is also depend whether the data are kept on the servers safely or they might also exposed to the hackers and crackers. Hence, for example having to purchase installation software for individual might not be obviously costly, but in a larger unit su ch as an organization with hundreds of staffs, eliminating the cost for installation software and its maintenance would make a great difference in reducing the yearly budgets. Nonetheless, according to another source from an online article on Above the Clouds (http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf), a Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the general public, we call it a Public Cloud; the service being sold is Utility Computing. We use the term Private Cloud to refer to internal datacenters of a business or other organization, not made available to the general public. Thus, Cloud Computing is the sum of SaaS and Utility Computing, but does not include Private Clouds. People can be users or providers of SaaS, or users or providers of Utility Computing. In addition, according to an online journal on Cloud computing and SOA (http://www.mortengryning.dk/Work/coa.pdf) utility computing is the broad definition of supplying computing resources as telephoning is supplied while cloud computing is a more specific technological term for a specific supply method of the computing resources. In relation to the technology pay-as- you-go manner term provided in the cloud computing cited earlier, it refers to the use of service of SaaS and PaaS used at that particular time only. Next, there are pros and cons of acquiring cloud computing. Despite the advantages offered by cloud computing, the advantages do exist too which cause organization or companies might refuse to adopt into cloud computing for their particular needs According to an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/codenavia/portals/msc/images/pdf/rnd_grant/series2/07_Cloud-SS-2009_dr%20simon%20seev1.1.pdf), the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing can be illustrated as the following diagrams of benefits and challenges or issue of cloud computing. Benefits of Cloud Computing According to in the article Inside Cloud Computing, MacVittie (2009) states that cloud computing is the infrastructure and model of deployment that defines whether something is or is not cloud computing. Hence, based on the diagram Benefits of Cloud Computingcited from an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/), there are eight benefits illustrated with its level of importance. The most important level of benefit is Easy/fast to deploy which indicate the percentage of more than half. This shows that besides offering latest functionality that is fifty percent of the importance level cloud computing can provide, the highest ranking of benefit involve the most time saved to increase productivity and performance of participating organization. For instance in Malaysia, the MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah (http://mis-asia.com), states that the creation of dynamic cloud services from our collaboration has the potential to enrich, even transform, the everyday lives of the general public in Malaysia. Challenges of Cloud Computing Nevertheless, there are many challenges and issues which arise in accordance the cloud computing technology. Hence, to in the article Inside Cloud Computing, MacVittie (2009) states that its a very scary scenario when you consider that shared resources necessary mean shared security risks. Therefore, as illustrated in the diagram Challenges of Cloud computing cited from an online journal on Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my/), there are nine challenges or issues illustrated with its level of significance. The security shows the most insignificance of nearly seventy five percent. The security of data is essentially important to any organization no matter what their business backgrounds are. For instance, as cloud computing is about keep data on a web based, when it comes to security of data in a country such as in Malaysia, the country wont be able to risk even a little of the confidential data within a country such as citizenship and monetary banking reco rds to be exposed to computer crimes such as hacking. Meanwhile the following table shows another way of contrasting between the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing through the obstacles and opportunities for Growth of Cloud Computing as quoted in the online journal Cloud Computing To be or Not to be (http://www.mscmalaysia.my) As a summary, there are no exact measure to determine whether cloud computing bring more harm than good in a small or large business organization. According to an online journal (http://www.CloudPlatform/Chappell.pdf), Chappel mentions according cloud computing pros and cons that An organization can investigate the current status quo for and assess whether the control issues for cloud computing are problematic for the intended uses of cloud computing. Also, Chappel states Cloud computing might be an improvement of security instead of a deterioration compared to the current situation. Therefore it is mainly the responsibility of each organization such as HP collaboration with MIMOS in Malaysia that the risks associated with the participating in cloud computing and analyze the level of importance and significance of acquiring cloud computing to improve their companys performance and productivity whether in short or a long term basis not to mention also considering possibility of the r isks of cost and large investments in resources of the organization. Next, in examining the future of cloud computing in Malaysia, as cited in an online journal on Malaysian Government Pushes Cloud Computing (http://mis-asia.com), MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah states The cloud is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet, the means through which everything will be delivered to you as a service, from computing power to business processes to personal interactions, wherever, however, and whenever you need it, he said. This collaboration provides the opportunity to place Malaysia on the cloud computing research community world map. According to the online journal, the MIMOS president and CEO shows positive feedback to support participation in implementing cloud computing. Additionally to the cited journal, MIMOS president and chief executive officer, Dato Abdul Wahab Abdullah mentions I am confident MIMOS and HP will be able to elevate research done in Malaysia to a world-class level. More importantly, the creation of dynamic cloud services from our collaboration has the potential to enrich, even transform, the everyday lives of the general public in Malaysia, he said. MIMOS gets to contribute to world-class research and provide our local research community with a platform to collaborate with the global community, he explained. Then he stated that Malaysia has made major strides in advancing ICT development in the country with the establishment of MSC Malaysia and the ministry of science, technology and innovations emphasis on advanced technology RD and building a knowledge society. Cloud computing is the next step To compile with, on the contrary to the positive feedback by the CEO of MIMOS, an article in STAR newspaper oinline (http://star-techcentral.com) states that security and privacy concerns have been raised over a multimillion-dollar proposal by Los Angeles to tap Google Incs Internet-based services for government e-mail, police records and other confidential data. Also, Cloud computing is the storing of data and computer applications online rather than on individual computers under a companys or government agencys direct control. The shift toward doing more over the Web could make it much easier for hackers to gain access to corporate or government files. As reviewed in earlier on disadvantages of cloud computing, the security issues have always been debated in order to ensure firm security of the organizations data. Hence, the future of cloud computing in Malaysia, should have a firm secure coding as an absolute requirement for cloud computing as a wide variety of application on the network security later in the cloud computing infrastructure. Only then, the risks can be minimized for the stability of its participation in cloud computing. As a conclusion to this research study on The Future of Cloud Computing in Malaysia, cloud computing can have a great influence on the way organization works. As a result, despite the limited scope of this research study, the implications of implementing cloud computing in Malaysia should be put into high consideration as computing in the clouds may cause enormous impact even though it brings a new era of IT technology to people. Furthermore, it is crucial to analyze critically all the possibilities of pros and cons as at times cloud computing might not always meet the organizations expectation. Bibliography 1 Gulrajani, N.G. Bowler, D.B. (February 2009), Software Development in the Cloud, Dr. Dobbs Journal, vol., no. 416, pp. 14,27. 2 (July 2007), http://www.mscmalaysia.my/. Cloud Computing To be or Not to be. Available from: Nanyang Technological University, HPC and Cloud Computing, Sun Microsystems, Inc. Web site: http://www.mscmalaysia.my/codenavia/portals/msc/images/pdf/rnd_grant/series2/07_Cloud-SS-2009_dr%20simon%20seev1.1.pdf [Accessed: June 6, 2009]. 3 Miller (7 March 2008), http://www.informit.com/. Are You Ready for Computing in the Cloud?. Available from:,. Web site: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1234970 [Accessed: July 27, 2009]. 4 Armbrust, M.A., Fox, A.F. Griffith, R.G. (10 February 2009), http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu. Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing. Available from: University of California at Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Web site: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.html [Accessed: July 21, 2009]. 5 Mertz, M.M. Gryning, M.R. (20 March 2009), http://www.mortengryning.dk/. Cloud Computing and SOA. Available from: University of California at Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Web site: http://www.mortengryning.dk/Work/coa.pdf [Accessed: April 19, 2009]. 6 http://star-techcentral.com/. HP, Mimos seeding cloud computing research. Available from: University of California at Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Web site: http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=/2009/7/13/corpit/20090713142538sec=corpit [Accessed: July 28, 2009].

Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay -- Infrastructure Biodiversity Ess

Biodiversity and Land Quality Human society's progression through time has resulted in many environment-altering effects, particularly those brought about by industrialization and rapid population growth. The combination of increased numbers of humans and improved technology has created the need for better management of resources and transportation across the globe. This need has produced great leaps in infrastructure, such as roads and dams. However, the introduction of this infrastructure into the natural world has adversely affected the environment. Biodiversity is often drastically altered, resulting in changes in breeding and predation patterns which, in turn, lead to species extinction and degradation of soil and vegetation. The complex intertwining of many facets of the environment create the potential for humans to have tremendous impact upon the world in which they live, and the effects of infrastructure upon biodiversity and land quality have a far-reaching influence on the environment that calls for cr itical evaluation. As global population increases, a more economically efficient use of resources is necessary to sustain demand for fuel, food, and water. Cities, and the huge populations that they contain, "are parasitic on the surrounding landscape," requiring large amounts of resources to be imported into them (Southwick 169). Thus, more reliance is being placed upon technological innovations and industrialization in order to efficiently support the world's growing numbers, and concentrations, of humans. As a result, infrastructure, particularly dams and roads, are becoming prominent features of the modern landscape. Natural ecosystems are often adversely affected by the environmental modification infrastructure ... ...if industrial activities are not kept at bay. Works Cited: Balmford, Andrew, Georgina M. Mace, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "The challenges to conservation in a changing world: putting processes on the map," in Conservation in a Changing World, ed. Mace, Balmford, and Ginsberg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. GLOBIO. www.globio.info. UNEP 2001. Myers, Norman. "The Rich Diversity of Biodiversity Issues," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997. Southwick, Charles. Global Ecology in Human Perspective. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. Steadman, David W. "Human-Caused Extinction of Birds," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997.

Reward Management Essay -- Reward Systems RM

Reward Management (RM) has been defined as the distribution of monetary and non-monetary rewards to employees in an effort to align the interests of the employees, the organisation, and its shareholders (O’Neil, 1998). In addition O’Neil (1998) also suggests that a RM system can serve the purpose of attracting prospective job applicants, retaining valuable employees, motivating employees, ensuring legal requirements relating to direct and indirect rewards are not violated, assisting the company in achieving human resource and business objectives, and ultimately assisting the organisation in obtaining a competitive advantage. Various conflicts in the RM system can affect the benefits that can be obtained. It has been argued that performance management systems only provide superficial motivations and have little effect on underlying behaviours and attitudes. Although the RM system can have some limitations, there is strong argument for the benefits, and logic also deems it as a credible strategy to assist in improving employee performance. The implementation and application of RM within the subject organisation has provided many opportunities for increased performance. Limitations and inequities have been recognised in the system employed, mainly due to the lack of assessment and changes to the system in order to align it with organisational objectives. Reward Management Theory Reward management involves defining, facilitating, and encouraging performance. The positive effects a successful RM system can provide to employee performance and in turn organisational success and competitive advantage are clear. This appeal has driven many organisations to take up RM as part of their performance management stratagem. The RM system falls into the broader process of the performance management model within the organisation, as stated by Clark (as cited in Human Resource Management, 2000). This involves the continual process of setting performance objectives, measuring outcomes, providing feedback on the results, providing rewards which are linked to desired outcomes and finally evaluating and making amendments to objectives and activities of the system. When developing an effective RM procedure as part of organisational strategy many considerations must be addressed. O’Neil (1998) suggests the following key methods of linking pay to performance; ascerta... ...e â€Å" The reward system of the organisation guides the actions that generally have the greatest impact on the motivation and performance of individual employees†. Similarly, Wah (2000) argues that companies which treat their high-performing employees significantly better than those that don't are the best-performing companies around and they reside in the upper quartile of shareholder returns. In addition Lawler (as cited in, Readings In Contemporary Employment Relations, 1998) states that if all the psychological rewards are removed employees will grudgingly remain at work, however if all the financial rewards are removed they would most likely leave. As most of the literature suggests, employee performance is a vital element in organisational survival and success. The systems developed and applied to facilitate the management of employee performance are therefore major contributors to the overall success of performance management. To remain effective the RM process should not be isolated from other HRM functions, in addition the process must be dynamic and constantly aligned to organisational strategy. In these instances long term benefits for all stakeholders can be realised.

The Cold War Essay -- American History Papers

The Cold War When World War II in Europe finally came to an end on May 7, 1945, a new war was just beginning. The Cold War: denoting the open yet restricted rivalry that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, a war fought on political, economic, and propaganda fronts, with limited recourse to weapons, largely because of fear of a nuclear holocaust.1 This term, The Cold War, was first used by presidential advisor Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947. Intelligence operations dominating this war have been conducted by the Soviet State Security Service (KGB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), representing the two power blocs, East and West respectively, that arose from the aftermath of World War II. Both have conducted a variety of operations from large scale military intervention and subversion to covert spying and surveillance missions. They have known success and failure. The Bay of Pigs debacle was soon followed by Kennedy's ft handling of the Cuban missile crisis. The decisions he made were helped immeasurably by intelligence gathered from reconnaissance photos of the high altitude plane U-2. In understanding these agencies today I will show you how these agencies came about, discuss past and present operations, and talk about some of their tools of the trade. Origin of the CIA and KGB The CIA was a direct result of American intelligence operations during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the need to coordinate intelligence to protect the interests of the United States. In 1941, he appointed William J. Donovan to the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) with headquarters in London. Fo... ...or the enemy and ally alike so as to be able to understand their capabilities and shortcomings without intelligence agencies. The CIA and KGB by themselves cannot assure peace. With the knowledge supplied by each to its leaders, intelligent decisions can be made in the world's best interest. Moreover, the status quo and power base remains relatively stable with the East and West on opposing sides. There can never be true and utterly complete peace, these organizations will continue to exist contrary ignorant ideals of the public for peaceful coexistence. Works Cited 1Encyclopedia Britannia index page 237 2KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 12 3KGB/CIA, Jonathon Bloch page 21 4CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 113 5CIA: The Inside Story, Andrew Tully page 119 6General Thomas R. Phillips, U.S. Army, retired. 7Bay of Pigs, Peter Wyden page 59

Apportionment Essay

Methods of apportionment are mathematical techniques used to allocate resources such as police officers in a certain city or congressional seats. These techniques are quite complicated and are based on several variables depending on which method one is choosing to use. Two of the most famous methods for solving apportionment problems are known as The Hamilton Method and The Huntington-Hill Principle. In this paper we will start by discussion the Hamilton Method by pretending that 10 different states are to be assigned 100 congressional seats by using apportionment. The Hamilton Method of Apportionment The Hamilton Method is a â€Å"common sense† method that Alexander Hamilton used to apportion the very first United States congress. With that being said, one could pretend that they have to divide or apportion 100 congressional seats among 10 states of the Union. To do this using The Hamilton Method the population for each of the 10 states would have to be known. Then the population for all 10 states would need to be totaled. Once this total is received, then the total population will need to be divided into each individual states population. For example, state 1 has a population of 1500 and state 2 has a population of 2000 for a population total of 3500 (Pirnot, n.d.). 1500/3500 = 0.42857143 (state 1) 2000/3500 = 0.57142857 (state 2) Next the decimal places in the numbers above will need to be moved two places to the right and round to the nearest hundred if necessary. This should give the answers 42.86 for state 1 and 57.14 for state 2. These numbers are known as your Hamilton numbers. Now in The Hamilton Method the numbers before the  decimal are known as the Integers and they represent how many seats each state gets, and the decimal numbers are known as the fractional numbers determine who will get the remaining seats, if there are any. The remaining seats are given to the states that have the largest fractional numbers first and work their way down. Therefore, assuming there are a 100 seats to be apportioned, then 42 seats will go to state one and 57 seats will go to state 2. However, we must remember that there are 100 seats to apportion. 42+57 = 99, therefore there is 1 remaining seat to be apportioned. Since state 1 has a fractional part of .86 and state 2 has a fractional part of 14, state 1 receives th e extra seat because it has the larger fractional number (Pirnot, n.d.). Now let us get back to the original problem of 10 states apportioning 100 seats. Seeing how this is a rather large problem with large numbers one might want to use a calculator or spread sheet to determine how many seats are assigned to each start. By using a spread sheet one can see that the seats are assigned as followed: Population Hamilton Assign Additional State Insert Below % Representation Numbers Integer Part Fractional Part Members Manually The question now becomes, are these seats all apportioned fairly? To find out we need to know the â€Å"Average Constituency† of each state.† The Average Constituency measures the fairness of an apportionment (Pirnot, n.d. pg. 534).† To find the Average Constituency one would take the population of a state and divide it by the assigned seats, and the compare them to determine fairness. Giving an example from the calculations above, one can see that state 1 has a population of 15475 and state 2 has a population of 35644. State 1 has 3 assigned seats and state 2 has 7 (Pirnot, n.d.). 15457/3 = 5158 Constituents 35644/7 = 5092 Constituents In comparison, just by looking at the number of constituent verses the number of seats; one would assume that the states are not really represented fairly, because state one has more constituents and fewer representatives than state 2. Below is the average constituency of all 10 states in the given problem above (Pirnot, n.d.). Having these numbers to compare helps us get a better understanding of how poorly some state can be represented. One would like to think that having the same amount of constituents in each state would be the sure-fire answer to solving that problem, but according to (Pirnot, n.d., pg. 535), â€Å"it is usually not possible to achieve this ideal when making and actual apportionment.† Therefore we should at least try to make average constituencies as equal as possible. One can actually measure this by using what is called â€Å"Absolute Unfairness† (Pirnot, n.d.). Absolute Unfairness Absolute Unfairness is defined as being â€Å"the difference in average constituencies† (Pirnot, n.d). To find the absolute unfairness of two of the states given above, we should use this simple formula. (average constituencies of state A) – (average constituencies of state B) = Now to use this formula to see if any of the states in our problem has any absolute unfairness, we will pick states 3 and 2 to use as a comparison. (state 3) 5486 – (state 2) 5092 = 394 Absolute Unfairness One can now see that the absolute unfairness of constituencies between states 3 & 2 is 394. Therefore, according to absolute unfairness these two states are not equally represented. The constituencies would have to have been the same in both states in order for the states to be equally represented, and this is rarely the case. With that being said, absolute unfairness is not what one would want to use to measure the unfairness of two apportionments, because it really show the imbalance of an apportionment of two states. In other words, absolute unfairness might give some people the wrong conclusion about the imbalance. Meaning, just because there is a large absolute unfairness doe not predict a greater imbalance. In all actuality, the sized of the state needs to be taken into consideration as well, when measuring unfairness. For example, in a state with a larger amount of voters like Texas, if a politician loses by 100,000 to 1,500,000 votes, it is considered a close race, in a small town election where the votes tally as 100 to 30 then the difference is considered to be quite large. This is why it is important to measure the â€Å"relative unfairness† (Pirnot, n.d). Relative Unfairness â€Å"Relative unfairness considers the size of constituencies in a calculating absolute unfairness (Pirnot, n.d. pg. 356).† To calculate the relative unfairness of apportioned seats between two states one would use this formula. absolute unfairness of apportionment / smaller average constituency of the two states = So, using the two states were given to figure out the absolute unfairness we can say that 0.08 is the relative unfairness of the two states. 394 (absolute unfairness) / 5092 (state 2) = 0.07737628  (rounded to the nearest hundred) = 0.08 relative unfairness To get a comparison we will use two other states. State 1 has 5158 average constituencies, and state 4 has 5196 for a total of 38 absolute unfairness. Remember to subtract the state with the smallest amount of constituencies from the larger state’s constituencies to get the absolute unfairness. To find the relative unfairness, take the absolute unfairness and divide it by the state with the lowest constituency number which was state 1. 38/5158 = 0.007367197  (rounded to the nearest hundred) = 0.007 relative unfairness The relative unfairness of states 1 and 4 is 0.007. Therefore in comparison with states 2 and 3’s larger relative unfairness of 0.08, it tells us that there is more of an unfair apportionment for states 2 and 3 than the states of 1 and 4. In other words, when comparing relative unfairness the larger number in comparison means it’s apportioned more unfairly. However, due to the fact that all of these calculations were based on The Hamilton Method all of the information could possibly change if there were a sudden population change due to growth. This is called a population paradox (Pirnot, n.d.). Population Paradox A population paradox occurs when one state grows in population faster than the other, and the state with the faster growth loses a seat or representative to the other state (Pirnot, n.d.). For example, state 6 has a population of 85663 and state 8 has a population of 84311 for a total population of 169974. Now we want to assign these two states 100 seats of congress using The Hamilton Method. First take the total population and divide by 100 seats to get our standard divisor (Pirnot, n.d.). 169976/100 = 1699.74 (standard divisor) Now divide each state by 1699.74 to get your Hamilton Number. 85663/1699.74 = 50.4 (state 6) 84311/1699.74 = 49.6 (state 8) Hamilton Numbers Lower Quota (Integer) Fractional Part Assigned Seats state 6: 50.6 50 0.4 50 state 8: 49.6 49 0.6 50 = 100 seats (Notice that the total for the integer or lower quota is 99, so therefore there was one extra seat to assign and it went to the state with the highest fractional part which was state 8.) Now if we increase state 6’s population by 1000 and state 8’s population by 100 you will get a population paradox. To find out how this happens you will need to make the same calculations by using The Hamilton Methods, except you will need to increase the population of both states to get the new totals, integers, fractional parts, and assigned seats (Pirnot, n.d.). (state 6) 85663 + 1000 = 86663 (new population) (state 8) 84311 + 100 = 84411 (new population) 86663 + 84411 = 171074 (total population) 171074/100 = 1710.74 (standard divisor) 86663/ 1710.74 = 50.66 (Hamilton number) 84411 / 1710.74 = 49.34 (Hamilton number) Notice that the fractional part has changed for the two states Hamilton numbers. Therefore since state 6 now has the larger fractional part due to the population change it will take the extra seat from state 8 for a total of 100 seats. State 6 will have 51 and state 8 will have 49. To find out which state received the greatest amount of growth we simply divide the growth by the original population (Pirnot, n.d.). 1000/85663 = 1.16% (state 6) and 100/84311 (state 8) = 1.19% One can now see that this is a population paradox that occurs when using The Hamilton Method, because the state that had the most growth in population lost a seat to the state with the least of amount of growth due to how the fractional part of the Hamilton numbers changed. However, a population paradox is not the only paradox associated with The Hamilton Method. The Alabama Paradox has also shown its ugly face when using The Hamilton Method of apportionment (Pirnot, n.d.). Alabama Paradox In 1870, after the census, the Alabama paradox surfaced. This occurred when a house of 270 members increased to 280 members of the House of Representatives causing Rhode Island to lose one of its 2 seats. Later on after the census a man by the name of C.W. Seaton calculated the  apportionments for all House sizes that ranged from 275 to 350 members. According to (ua.edu, n.d.), â€Å"He then wrote a letter to Congress pointing out that if the House of Representatives had 299 seats, Alabama would get 8 seats but if the House of Representatives had 300 seats, Alabama would only get 7 seats.† This became known as the Alabama paradox. It is simply when the total number of seats to be apportioned increases, and in turn causes a state to lose a seat. There is a method called the Huntington-Hill Principle that helps avoid the Alabama paradox. This method only apportions the new seats when the House of Representatives increases in size. This is what avoids the Alabama paradox. To ap ply the Huntington-Hill Principle we would use this simple algebraic formula below for each of the states for comparison that are in question of gaining the extra seat (Pirnot, n.d.). (population of y)^2 / y * (y + 1) Let us say that Y has a population of 400 and let Y equal 5, and let’s say that X has a population of 300 and let X equal 2. Now let us see which one of these gets the extra seat. (400)^2 / 5 * (5 + 1) and (300)^2 / 2 * (2 + 1) 160,000 / 5 * 6 = 90,000 / 2 * 3 = = 160,000 / 30 = 90,000 / 6 = 5333.33 = 15,000 By using the Huntington-Hill Principle method of apportionment we can now compare the two states to see which one will get the extra seat. Notice that state X with the Huntington -Hill number of 15,000 is great than that of state Y, therefore state X should get the extra seat. With this being said, if I were to use apportionment as my way of assigning seats to the House of Representatives, I would definitely choose to use The Huntington-Hill Principle method of apportionment (Pirnot, n.d.). Apportionment is a great way to achieve fair representation as long as we are not using the Hamilton Method. The Hamilton Method has the possibility of cause three types of paradoxes: the Alabama paradox, the population paradox, and the new states paradox. Even though the Hamilton Method does not violate the quota rule, avoiding these paradoxes are more important when  trying to give equal representation to each state of the Union. There are other apportionment methods that are equally as great as The Huntington-Hill Principle, such as Webster’s method (Pirnot, n.d.). Webster’s Method of apportionment What really sets Webster’s method apart from Huntington-Hill is that Webster uses modified divisor instead of a standard divisor to calculate what is called a modified quota or Integer. A modified divisor is a divisor that is smaller than the standard divisor. A modified quota is a quota that is larger than the standard quota. One would basically pick a number smaller than the standard divisor and work their way down until they end up with one that will give them and modified quota. Once that quota or Integer is found then it will need to be rounded either up or down depending on the number (the standard way of rounding) to determine who will get the allotted seats. Webster’s method is actually exactly like Huntington-Hill except for the rounding part, and it was the apportionment method used until it was replaced by Huntington-Hill (Pirnot, n.d.) Conclusion Apportionment methods are a great way to equally divide certain numbers of substances among varying numbers, as long as one stays away from the Hamilton Method. Sure the Hamilton Method is quite simple to use, but causes many problems such as paradoxes. The Alabama paradox, the population paradox, and the new state paradox are among the ones that the Hamilton Method can cause. This causes states to lose seats due to new Representatives, new population growth and even a new border or state joining the Union. Thankfully there were some people out there that were smart enough to come up with new methods of apportionment that eliminated the issues of the paradoxes, such as the Huntington-Hill method and Webster’s method. Both of these methods are the best apportionment methods out there to help make sure that states are represented equally by congress. , and considering the fact that I live in a very poor, poverty stricken state, I want to make sure that our state gets the best re presentation possible, so that maybe our representatives will be able to listen to all of their constituents and do something to help boost our economy, increase employment rates, and bring people out of poverty. References Apportionment Paradoxes. Alabama Paradox. Retreived from http://www.ctl.ua.edu/math103/apportionment/paradoxs.htm#Illustrating the Alabama Paradox Pirnot, T. Mathematics All Around, Fourth Addition. Apportionment. Retrieved from http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_pirnot_mathallaround_4/ebook/pma04_flash_main.html?chapter=null&page=531&anchory=null&pstart=null&pend=null

Madonna’s Sex Book Essay

? check to Gi shell oute Benatar ofentertainment hebdomadal, thither atomic fall 18 two versions of how bloody shame came up with the estimate for the rule reserve. One was that she c at onceived the idea of an tingling photography record keep during the shooting of the movieA League of Their Ownin the summer of 1991. 1The second 1 is thatJudith Regan, vice- electric chair andeditor-in-chiefofSimon & Schuster, flew toLos Angelesin marchland 1991 to meet with bloody shame and her motorbusFreddy DeMann, armed with a proposal for a similar collection of photo- ticklinga.1The vocalist had ab initio verified whether Regan had approached each other celebrities with this ideal, as bloody shame would be interested to be a p contrivance of it tho if it was a unique idea. 2By the end of the confluence bloody shame had agreed in com adult maledment to do a curb calledbloody shames Book of lampblack and intimate Fantasies. She told Regan that DeMann would call her and cause ou t the detail ensureing the admit. 34How incessantly, bloody shame n of all clock time got back in arrive at with Regan, who assumed that the vocalist did non compulsion to proceed with the idea.1bloody shames worldist Liz Rosenberg never confirmed nor denied Regans claim, and agree to Benatar, Ma consider intona st impostureed pass waterings on put forwardbefore neglige upA League of Their Own. 1At sourceWarner Bros. Recordsand the executive directors at era Warnerwere backward to include bloody shame to publish much(prenominal)(prenominal) a go for, only final examinationly gave in to the idea. bloody shame, that, was forced to sign a begin that forbade her from showingchild sootography,bestialityand ghost worry imagery. 1Not long afterwards signing this agreement bloody shame foundedMaverick, a multi-media cheer community.Since by contr propel she had total delicate control over any of the work emissiond by Maverick, the agreement she sign-language( a) with while Warner concerning what not to do in devolve onbecame obsolete. 567 Some of the cinemas for the project were shot atHotel Chelsea, raw York. Other locations include times signifi whoremasterts all- potent burlesque b littleedness field. Originally to be human activitydX, bloody shame changed her mind whenSpike Lees imageMalcolm Xbegan to be promoted. (The film was vent-holed three hebdomads after the parole. ) She would go on to tellVoguemagazine This is a very be loved symbol, and I fancy of it archetypical.8Warner Bros. annotateed that finish upwas precise vexed to produce, requiring contributions from some(prenominal) different depression and produce companies. 9They in addition stated that in separate to fork over any profit, the arrest would engage to disseminate at least 350,000 copies. 1011bloody shame ch artistryered top-notch talent for the development of the curb12she counted on the help of friends from the practice of medicine, fi lm and style industry. 9The singer hiredFabien male monarchas the art director,13 behavior photographerSt n integritytheless Meisel, editorGlenn OBrien, make-up artist Francois Nars and hairstylist capital of Minnesota Cavaco.1614The fire arrest had a send of influences from jestk rock to to begin with fashion iconoclasts careGuy Bourdinand his surrealism, andHelmut untriedton, in its stylized, sado-masochistic expect. 15bloody shame originally exigencyed the adjudge to be of an oval shape in order to simulate acondombut the printing and manu accompanimenturing of much(prenominal) a hand would study been excessively expensive. Meisel would subsequently comment bloody shame and I can nutrition up with each other and that Im doing affectionate occasions to make passel presuppose too. Its not really to neutralize or to push spates buttons.Its really to present other way of assembleing things. 1 The pictures were taken more or less entirely inSuper 8format, and intimately of the photo shoots took place inNew York CityandMiami. Locations in New York City included theHotel Chelseaand Times Squ ares all-male burlesqueGaiety Theatre(dancers from theatre branchicipated in maven of the watchwords photo sessions), whereas in Miami the bulk of the sessions were shot at a dramaturgy bloody shame had purchased salutary before head start the project, and in several beaches and streets.1516One break of the solar daytime during the four-day Florida shoot bloody shame was prancing around her 14-bedroom sign in Miami tout ensemble sore, when someone jokingly suggested she go out on the street, then, according to Baron the next thing were in the street where allegedly cars screeched to a halt, motorists whistled, and one entranced cyclist poisonous off his bike. 1This was except one of the umpteen huffy episodes that took place during the shooting of the control. fit to Baron, during the photo shoots bloody shamed do something craz y and then wed come up with something evening crazier.One of the more or less shameful photographs make for the handwriting, which featured two women inpost-punkattire flanking Ma fatiguena with one of them dimension a knife to Ma bearnas crotch, was dismissed as it was considered too violent. At some point, epoch the record day take was organism produced, some of the photographs were stolen, but were quickly vulcanised by theFBI. 1According toNew Yorkmagazine, at that place were approximately 80,000photographs taken for the book,17but only a handful made the final cut. 1The printing of the book was extended for 15days11 make the total production act upon last nigh eight months.18 soma and contentedit The picture shows the leather string faint by bloody shame in the energisebook, as strong as in the titillatinga music video. Below the string, an image from the book can in addition be confabn. confined and sealed in apolythene terephthalate(PET) Mylar bag,192021Sex contains 128 scalawags and isspiral boundwith an atomic number 13 direct that has the word Sex stamped in the middle1422and a warning label. 23The front page excessively shows bloody shame against a cast out blue backdrop. 22Three different types of intelligence agencypaper were employ for the printing ofSexand the objective was overseen by bloody shame and Baron & Baron Inc.(consisting of Fabien Baron and the photographer Siung Fat Tjia) who had antecedently collaborated with the singer designing the cover art of her fifth studio phonograph phonograph phonograph album, erotica. 1124As this was the first project for Maverick, the forwarding was crucial however bloody shame did not impart faith in Warner Books mass-market consequence process. Hence Baron suggested to transfer the packaging job to Nicholas Callaways bespoke Callaway Editions. 25Charles Melcher, co-publisher with Callaway for the book, verbalise that they usually did exquisite art books, $ nose candy hi gh end, beautiful things. still it was a challenge for them to process bloody shames ideas into reality. The artist motivationed the packaging to be sealed, so that the reader had to tear it up and read. 25They considered various kinds of clasps before zeroing on the idea of the sealed bag as a reference to a condom package. The coat cover was bloody shames idea, who took the fervor from the 1979 album,Metal Boxbypost-punk micklePublic Image Ltd. 26Melcher recollects, We were call downing nearly materials for the cover, and we went into her kitchen.Madonna pointed at the metal plate at the back of her stove and tell apart, I wishing something like this. I was very move with the way she interacted with her world to source things. 26The keep company bought more or less 1, cholecalciferol,000 pounds (680,000kg) of aluminium, a pound for each book. The springs had to do the front and the back covers, while throw awaying, stamping and ionizing the metal. 26 The book opens up with the introduction Everything you are or so to see and read is a fantasy, a dream, pretend. 27ThroughoutSex, Madonna offerspoems, stories, andes regularizes.5She withal uses thepseudonymMistress dita bark as a homage to German actress devil tree Parlo her friends in these stories are Bunny, Dex, Stella, Chiclet and Stranger. 328According to biographerJ. Randy Taraborrelli, a big part of the book is read as a letter to a eroticagraphic magazine. 3As a thank you for recovering the stolen pictures during the making of the book, in the credits of the book Madonna mentioned the FBI for rescuing photographs that would have madeJ. Edgar Hooverroll over. 1429Madonna also cherished to look for the notion of queen inSex.Melcher verbalize that the artist privationed to mouth about gentle and hard, soft and violent inSex. She was playing out all those elements in her book. That was reflected in the materials uncoated, soft paper on the intimate and hard metal coating on the o utside. 25 Just like the textwhich was more often than not written on top of photographsthe photographs on the book are highly internal and depictnudity, simulations of versed acts,bondage,homo switch onualityandanalingus, with accessories such as knives, whips, masks and chains5173031although fullintercourseis never shown.14Aside from unknown models, featured in the book are actressIsabella Rossellini, rappersBig protactinium Kaneand Madonnas then companion vanilla Ice,18modelNaomi Campbell,32 queer porn starJoey Stefano,10actorUdo Kier, socialiteTatiana von Furstenberg, and nightclub proprietor Ingrid Casares however thehetero familiarphotos in the book lead only Madonna and Vanilla Ice. 14Madonna herself is featured partially or completely naked. One of the books most famous photographs shows Madonnahitchhikingcompletely naked in Miami.3The book also reflects a heavy(p) part on Ditas perspective towards her own informality. Dita writes inSexthat her pussy is a synagogue of learning33and that exposing it, is really a homage to it (Its hard to describe it smells like a baby to me fresh and full of brio. I love my pussy, it is the complete summation of my life). 34Sexcontains statements like ass arseis the most pleasurable way to fetch fucked and it hurts the most too. 3Others include there is something soothe about world tied up. comparable when you were a baby and your mother strapped you in the car seat.She wanted you to be safe. It was an act of love20and I wouldnt want a penis. It would be like having a third leg. it seems like a thingmajig that would get in the way. I remember I have a pricking in my brain. 2031InSex, Dita also pointed out that A survey of people are afraid to separate what they want. Thats why they dont get what they want. 35The book includes Madonnas perspective on vulgarism I dont see how a guy flavor at a naked girl in a magazine is degrading to women. Everyone has their shake upuality. Its how you treat people in usual life that counts, not what flexs you on in your fantasy.If all a person ever did was get off on lampblack movies I would say they are belike dys entertainmentctional awakeually, but I dont look at its unhealthy to be interested in that or get off on that. Im not interested in porno movies because everybody is ugly and faking it and its just pathetic. They make me laugh, they dont turn me on. A movie likeIn the Realm of the Sensesturns me on because its real. Ive been told there are some goodTraci Lordsmovies but Ive never seen them. I wouldnt want to watch asnuff movie. I wouldnt want to watch anyone get really hurt, male or female. But generally I dont think lampblack degrades women.The women who are doing it want to do it. No one is holding a gas pedal to their head. I dont get that whole thing. I love looking atPlayboymagazine because women look great naked. 20 Release and promotionedit RapperVanilla Ice(left) and modelNaomi Campbell( regenerate) are among the ce lebrities that appeared in the book. some(prenominal) appeared in explicit images along side Madonna. The initial pre depend of the book was met with a huge amount of controversy, as it showed a naked Madonna corroding a rabbits tail, graze thepubic hairof a naked man, and cavorting outdoors with a dog, suggestingbestiality.817The Vaticanurged its people to boycott the unloosen, look that it was morally intolerable. 36Indian customs germiseds utter that the book anger the estates public morality. The contend Trust of India(PTI), Indias domestic upstarts agency, quoted a top customs official as saying the book would be seized under a section of the customs Act prohibiting entry of indecent literature. 37Citizens ofAlexandria, Virginiafiled a complaint with the citys natural law department on behalf of a conclave called the Rapides Parish Chapter of American Family Association, claiming that it violated Louisianas anti-obscenity laws.38South US Baptists did not want the ir Bibles coming off the same printing presses as MadonnasSexand threatened to stop doing business with a Chicago printer. The Nashville-based Baptist Sunday School dialog box, a division of the Southern Baptist Convention, examineed their $2. 1 billion ($3,529,215 in 2014 dollars39) printing contract with R. R. Donnelley & Sons. Board President James Draper said he was infuriated that Donnelley also printed such an indecent book.40Entertainment Tonightreported that Madonna herself had initiated the mayhem with the explicit content in the music video for Erotica, move bare breasted at designer Jean Paul Gaultiers fashion show and posing nude inVanity clearmagazine. 41A source forThe Sacramento Beesaid that since the press wanted controversy, Madonna was willing to bear them fodder with her antiques. 42 Madonna then said she was doing this to liberate America drop off us all of our hang-ups5she also revealed in a letter that This book doesnt contribute risky sexual practic es.3Nicholas Callaway fromCallaway Arts & Entertainmentsaid that the book was inevitably deprivation to be arguable. The book explores every saying of sexual fantasy. Its hard to cypher the effect, but,Sexshould be considered art. 43Originally it was rumored thatTime Warnerwas nervous about the release of the book however, in an inter interpret withVanity Fair, William Sarnoff, president of Warner Books, said he felt that Madonna should pursue all avenues of creativity as she defines it.The Warner company had also previously assured that they would make sureSexreached its maintarget auditory modalityand also reminded that the book was safely engrossed in a Mylar bag to check in- keep peeping and contained a warning label. 5Michael Kilianof theChicago Tribunepublished an obligate on October 7, 1992, regarding the then future release ofSex Prepare thyself, , The mega-event of the millennium is to cash in ones chips in precisely two weeks. Its an event far more mega than th e November election, the dismantle of communism or even the crowning(a) ofLeanza Cornettas the newMiss America. Kilian also described it as the personal sexual fantasy picture book in all Christendom, then it goes far beyond all previous truly wrestle personal sexual fantasy picture booksperhaps beyond all imagining what such a book could be. 43 On October 15, Madonna threw a pre-release party at New York Citys Industria Superstudio, and signed all the invitations under herSex shorten egoDita. 4445During the party, Madonna showed up dressed asLittle Bo peekand even carried with her a stuffed toy lamb.29Madonnas publicist Liz Rosenberg showed concern at first due to what the parents of Americas impressionable teens will soon be thinking but later said that it all depends on your idea of lovemaking, which in Madonnas case, should give new meaning to the word erotic. 5BothWaldenbooksandBarnes & Nobleprepared corporate statements that the managers could parting with customers who ar e dismayed bySex. (Both statements defended the right of bookstores to provide diversity and choice to customers and say censorship is not the role of bookstores.)23 umteen book stores, too, stated that the book would not be sold to anyone under 18 and that it would be for display only understructure the cash register. 523Bookstore owner David Epstein stated that The contact of most people who have order the book is that Madonna is something special, that this is cutting-edge art, , theyre not the kind of people who are buying it because its smut and grungy pictures. People are interested in it as art. 23 Sexwas finally released on October 21, 1992, by editorials Callaway andWarner Books14434647it was also the first work released by Madonnas company Maverick.15To accompany its release, acomic bookas headspring as a promotional single containing a unc caboodlehe version of Erotica, titled Erotic, were made available. The book was released by Madonna as alongside her fifth stu dio albumErotica, which had been released a day earlier. 5With an initial print run of one million copies of the first edition in cinque continents and in five languages,47the price of the book was $50 ($84 in 2014 dollars39) at retail, making sex an expensive optical book. 4346Nevertheless, the book managed to break records regarding the number of copies pre-ordered before the release.Nicholas Callaway pointed out that the book was an unexampled hit, because the print run of an average art book ranges betwixt 5 and 10,000units. 11He described it as the largest initial release of any illustrated book in issue history. 1011 Due to the high grunge and controversy environ the book, there wasnt really any need for Madonna to promote it30however, one of the few promotions for the book Madonna did, was appearing on the cover of the October edition ofVogue, where she appeared dressed in flower child trip fashion.These photographs were taken by Meisel. 48 subsequently the book was rel eased, on October 22, 1992,MTVaired a special calledThe Day in Madonna, hosted byKurt Loder(the title of this special was a pun of the title of the channels day-by-day showThe Day in Rock), which profiled the release of MadonnasSexand her albumErotica, even taking the book to the streets to allow people, including a sex therapist and multitude of real-life New York Citydominatrices, to view it. MTV also interviewed many a(prenominal) people who had viewed the book on the day of its release at the HMV music store in New York City.In rejoicing of the release of the book, the store held a Madonna look-alike contest and identify up a booth where people could view the book for one dollar a minute, with all of the proceeds going to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help investment company AIDS research. 9 Critical and commercial-grade receptionedit I dont think sex is bad. I dont think nudity is bad. I dont think that world in touch with your sexuality and be ab le to talk about it is bad.I think the chore is that everyone is so uptight about it and have turned it into a bad thing when its not, if people could speak freely, we would have more people practicing safe sex, we wouldnt have people beingness sexually abused. Madonna discussing the oppose come about surrounding the book. 12 The book received negative chemical reaction from critics,47495051conservative and libberanti-porn groups,152due to its sexually explicit photographs which many characterized as loyal pornography. 53Taraborrelli opined that much of the book appears affect and not imposing.54He derided the whole concept as childish and impetuous quite an than an adult book. According to him, though Madonna insisted that she was attempt to demystify sexuality altogether, the causality believed she just wanted to publish sexy text and pictures and get away with it. She was being a brat, not a ultra, the author concluded. 54AuthorLucy OBrien state that the book was a absolute, harrowing turn in frustration, and disdain Madonnas attempt at invincibility, the book appeared as a curious act of self-annihilation.55The overwhelming effect of the book is numbing, complained whorl Stone. The images are derivative, and Madonna herself seems far too eager to shock that, not even prurient arousal, seems the ideal response the book tirelessly seeks. The potency ofSexs subject matter is dissipated by Madonna and Meisels self-congratulatory and silly wiz of their own bravery, as if their naughty games were someways revolutionary. 56 Roger Catlin from theHartford Courantsaid that the passages from the book were too dirty to quote here, even the un matched ones.8The Daily Beastsaid that the book is neither groundbreaking (save that it features a major star) nor oddly sexy Sexis convert only when its playful, as when she appears nude in a Miami pizzeria, chewing a slice while a at sea customer looks on. Elsewhere, shes simply undressed with no place to go. 19Richard Harrington fromThe upper-case letter Postgave the book a mixed survey by saying IsSexshocking? not really. Mostly because its Madonna, and someway weve come to expect this from her. IsSex dense? actually, yes.18During her review of the book, British authorZoe deucefromThe Independentwrote that it was the women who once cut Madonna as a witty feminist role model who have been most alarmist about her latest pornographic avatar and that previously, they say, Madonna played with traditional images of distaff sexuality in a subversive, empowering way. But now, with sado-masochism and rape fantasies, she has gone too far. 34Calvin Tomkins, author andart criticforThe New Yorker, wrote that unfortunately, the book is going to be mistaken forpornography.57In his review,Ed Anger, columnist forWeekly World Newssaid that Madonna may be the best singer in the world today, but she has no right to take off her garb in her book. 58Vanity Fairdeemed it the dirtiest coffee t able book to ever be published. 12Caryn James fromThe New York Timeswas negative in her review stating that There is plenty here to offend the meek (whips and chains), the self-righteous (gay men and lesbians), not to mention the tasteful (a tacky and fill art design).14Vicki Goldbergfrom the same newspaper was also dismissive of the photography of the book saying that Unfortunately, not many of the images are very good photographically. Many are just pictures, or just porn. 47 disdain all the controversy and negative backlash, which included the book being banned in Japan shortly after its release,59Sexproved to be a commercial success, selling 150,000copies on its release day in the United States alone. 60Hundreds of copies of the book were pre-ordered, motivate book sellers to say thatSexwas shattering their sales records for advance purchases.61A week later, the books sales exceeded the 500,000units1and ultimately toppedThe New York TimesBest Seller list. 18Giselle Benatar w rote in her obligate Sex & Money This isnt the publishing event of the year, its the publishing event of the century. 1A day earlier, Tyra Braden fromThe dawning Callwrote that she and some friends concluded that the book might become a storage batterys item a few years down the road. 22In just three days, the book had managed to sell more than 1. 5million copies worldwide. 1 neighborly impact and aftermathedit.Madonnas performances inThe Girlie collection World Tourfaced negative reactions from conservative groups who deemed the singer immoral. Dubbed at the time The Queen of obscene,62Madonna and theSexera is considered by many as the artists most controversial and transgressive peak. 6364The book, widely panned by the press, is regarded as one of the factors that shaped the social reaction and retrospect towards Madonna during the early 1990s. 31Her fifth studio albumEroticawas affect by the negative press surrounding the book.65In March 1993Spinmagazine wrote an article evaluate the book,66but months later inMexico,social communicologistNino Canun presented atelevision specialcalled? Y Usted que Opina? (en And whats your opinion? ), where the audience, among them apriest, presented their arguments as to why this morally clueless singer shouldnt perform in the country, making reference to the then upcomingGirlie Show World Tourwhich was set to visit Mexico. afterwards, during her concert in Mexico, Madonna wore acharrosombreroand simulated anorgywith her dancers onstage, as a response to these comments.67Continuing her intriguing imagery, Madonna starred in the erotic thrillerBody of Evidence, which featured the singer in full nude and in scenes engaged in simulated sexual acts. 68In March 1994,Madonna appeared as a customeron theLate Show with David allowterman, development profanity that was required to be censor on television and handing Letterman a pair of her underwear and asking him to smell it. 69The releases of her sexually explicit film, album and book, and the aggressive behavior on Letterman all made critics regard Madonna as a sexual renegade.She faced strong negative promotion from critics and fans, who commented that she had gone too far and that her charge was over. 70Later on the song humane Nature from her sixth studio albumBedtime Stories(1994), Madonna addressed the public backlash the book was still receiving, particularly with the blood lines Did I say something wrong? Oops, I didnt know I couldnt talk about sex. I must have been crazy, as well as the line What was I thinking? . 31 The perfect iconic goddess ofTrue Bluehad all gone.In the same way that sixties beauties likeNico,Marianne FaithfullandBrigitte Bardotset about destroying their beauty after they were famous, the very thing they felt exceptional them, Madonna annihilated hers. Within a few short years she move from teasing flirtation to desperate sexual display. It is ironic that after the triumph of want a Prayer, she hits this b athos. Being a flaxen again set her off in the wrong direction. It was as if with theSexbook she showed the underside of the Hollywood dream Lucy OBrien,Madonna Like an Icon, page. 25471 Madonna herself would later say I wouldnt say I sorrowfulness it.Ive made mistakes and learned from them. Most people want to hear me say that I regret publishing mySexbook. I dont. What was the problem was releasing myEroticaalbum at the same time. I love that album and it got overlooked. 7273However, author Andy Koopmans in his bookMadonna(2002) would comment that the singer regretted two publishingSexand recordingEroticaand that the book had affected everything she did later. 74It was not until 2003 that Madonna would once again declare that she regretted nothing Im not apologising in any shape or form I was interested in pushing buttons and being rebellious and being mischievous and trying to bend the rules. There was a lot of irony in theSexbook and I am poking fun at a lot of things and I a m being kind of silly and adolescent and I am being very f you, if a man can do it, I can do it. 75A year earlier on 2002, Naomi Campbell confessed to have a lot of respect for Madonna being bold enough to come out and do a book on sex. Ive never reneged on that. 76However in 2009, rapper Vanilla Ice, who was Madonnas boyfriend at the time of the books creation, confessed to not being bright with the book once he saw it.My friends were like, Dude, thats cool man, but I was like, Im geological dating her, its not cool to see your girlfriend with all these other people It kinda ruined the whole thing. I wonder what her kids think of that book? here she is writing kids books now but theyre going to see it and go, Mommy, what were you thinking? 77Another of the books models, actress Isabella Rossellini, told placemagazine that she regretted her involution on the book I dont think the book worked, even though the photos were extraordinary, and some of them quite memorable.I think t here was a teensy bit of a moralistic assortment of Ill teach you how to be free and that bothered the hell out of me. 78 Later reviews towardsSexhave become more positive. The authors ofThe Porning of AmericaThe Rise of Porn Culture, What It Means, and Where We Go from Here(2008) have commented that the book is particularly interesting in the way that, like many of Madonnas works, it portrays sex in terms of domination and power,31whereas Jane Raphaely, editor-in-chief ofCosmopolitanpraised Madonnas emancipate behavior onSex the fact that she takes all forms of pornography and systematically demystifies it by putting it under her control, in an article in 1996. 79Brian McNair, author of strip Culture Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire(2012) praised this period of Madonnas career, saying that she had porno elegance and that Sexis the author of a cultural phenomenon of global proportions due to the critics and thanks to this Madonna established her iconic status and cultural influence. 28 LegacyeditSexis now considered a bold,post-feminist, work of art,648081besides being designate a cultural book. Martin AmisfromThe perceiverwrote an essay discussing the books cultural meaning. 28Critical theoristDouglas Kellneraffirmed that withSexMadonna became herself, an artifact ofpop culture. 82 cut academic writerGeorges Claude Guilbert(author of three books about Madonna) describedSexas one of the most successful publicity stunts in history83whereas Russell W. Belk, author ofHandbook of Qualitative inquiry Methods in Marketingmentioned that the book is aqualityproduct inmarketing.84In 1992, Madonna had generated more than US$500million ($840,289,305 in 2014 dollars39) to Time Warner in sales of both albums and theSexbook, despite the negative feedback. 85However, Taraborrelli commented in his book,Madonna An cozy Biography, that those who knew Madonna well at that time, knew what was really going on with her theSexbookand the terrible antics that p receded it and would follow itwas really just something she used as a barrier between her and the rest of the world. 54For years it had seemed to Madonna that both her personal and professional life was exceedingly scrutinized by the public andmedia, and although she had started this scrutinizing by her exciting works, she was tired of it. 54Being vexed at this interest in her personal life, Madonna fought back by creating the persona of a renegade, something so outrageous as to hold explanation, something found objectionable by most people.Taraborrelli said that in Madonnas view, she had no other way of engagement back. 54The Boston Globes Matthew Gilbert analyzed the singers provocative attempt in an article published in the newspaper Madonnas motive for baring her breasts to the public feels more like personal gratification, less like commitment to a cause.Shes not out to change the world. Lets face it Few people get erotic in front of millions of viewers for purely selfless governmental reasons. Its hard to escape the view of Madonna as a difficult Catholic adolescent aiming the finger at everything repressive. And many of her songs are addressed to an billet figure of her youth from God and rescuer Christ to her own father. The heart of Madonnas outrageousness seems to lie at a lower place her liberal rationales, as if shes acting out something private and the world is her couch, not to mention her bank. Her politics are generally Electral.86 According to some writers,Sexalso helped Madonna make a describe in theporn industry,62and earned her the title ofS&Ms firstcultural ambassador87and was praised for recreating porn-chic. 88Humberto Quiroga Lavie pointed out that it was the fact thatSexwas considered pornographic that helped it become abestseller. 89Steve Bachmann, on his bookSimulating Sex Aesthetic Representations of Erotic Activitypointed out that perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of Madonnas sexual phenomenon is the extent to which her book marked a new threshold in the pornographic franchise.90McNair wrote in his book that Sexbrought out the personal resistance to the surface of pop culture. 28capital of the United Kingdom art criticSarah Kentwrote inTime Outmagazine that the timing ofSexwas impeccable. 15Obsessions about the human body was in vogue, with Madonnas book as well as artistAndres Serranos cumming shots andJeff KoonsThe Jeff Koons Handbook, the last mentioned portrayed fairytale pictures of the artist having sex with his pornographic actor wife,Cicciolina. 15 Sexhas also become an important book in theLGBTcommunity.Ben Shapiro, author ofPorn Generation How neighborly Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Futurewrote that due to its iconic status Sexadorns the coffee tables of hundreds of gay men andsperm banks. 91Mark Blankenship, from the LGBT-oriented website New right off Next stated that literature changed invariably with the publishing ofSex. 92Madonnas word picture oflesbianlove scenes in the book sparked debates about her own sexual preferences. 93This was an supplemental to the singers public kin with comedienneSandra Bernhard, with whom she cavorted around, visiting lesbian night-clubs as well as partying. The LGBT communit