Key Functions of Education from a Functionalist Perspective

What are the key elements of instruction from a Functionalist Perspective? Since the time the training framework was developed, there have been a great deal of thoughts and reactions of how it should function. The most well known sociological gatherings, functionalists and Marxists, were a piece of this and still are today. The two of them feel that their perspectives are best for society. Talcott Parsons accepts that the training framework has three primary capacities. Right off the bat it mingles youngsters into key social qualities, for example, equity of chance, rivalry and strict morality.Education is said by functionalists (particularly Durkheim) to underline moral duties in the public eye that individuals ought to have towards one another. On the off chance that these standards were not gone down through ages, at that point there would be a propensity for independence (where individuals accept that they are a higher priority than social gatherings). Citizenship and strict trai ning were presented as obligatory subjects in schools to see that youngsters got things done with thought for the general public. The subsequent capacity is to do with the abilities that training shows youngsters, from proficiency and numeracy to more employment explicit skills.Occupational occupations are getting increasingly particular and this thus will prompt more years in instruction. The last capacity of instruction, as per functionalists is the allotting of jobs of youngsters in the public eye. Assessments and capabilities are said to dispense individuals for their most fit activity. The uniformity of chance occurred thus higher gifted individuals are given the most practically significant occupations for the general public. Parsons was censured as he neglected to consider that the qualities transmitted by the instructive framework might be those of a decision minority instead of society as a whole.Like parsons, functionalists Davis and Moore considered training to be a metho ds for choosing or moving individuals for various degrees of the occupations showcase and guaranteeing that the most gifted and qualified people are distributed to the most significant employments with high rewards. Society is accordingly meritocracy in which individuals are remunerated for insight, capacity and exertion. They where censured on the grounds that the connection between scholastic qualifications and word related prize isn't close. Pay is just pitifully connected to instructive accomplishment. There is question about the suggestion that the instructive framework grades individuals regarding ability.It has been contended that insight is so hard to nail down that school accomplishment can never rise to ‘intelligence’. While Marxists do share numerous thoughts of functionalists e. g. the way that instruction sets us up for out acknowledgment of the estimations of society they likewise perceive how the training framework is estranging kids. Functionalists, then again, appear to be not able to see this and accept that the instruction framework can just well to youngsters by showing them standards and qualities. Functionalists where scrutinized on the grounds that as Marxists state, training framework isn't meritocratic as there are the impact of class, ethnicity and sexual orientation.

Does Democracy Ensure Freedom Essay

Does vote based system guarantee opportunity? I accept vote based system can guarantee opportunity, however not generally, along these lines my answer is perhaps. For vote based system is a type of government that depend on an arrangement of law where people are dealt with similarly while having reasonable access to the authoritative procedure through choosing official who will act to their greatest advantage and voice their anxiety. Through appropriate insurance with enactment, individual’s opportunity can be guaranteed. However the idea of vote based system favor dominant part in this way it is workable for government official to take into account the mass to make sure about cast a ballot and approach the seats of intensity. Popular government can't act if the votes are tied, such blemish can prompts lawmaker misuse their capacity tilting the outcome whichever way to promote his own objective. Whenever chose official no longer voice the populace yet game the framework by keep on assuaging the lion's share, minority right and opportunity can not be guaranteed. Government at last goal is to administer the individuals for the improvement of individuals, therefore vote based system mirrors the requirement for it is type of government permitting people’s voice being heard through the chosen authorities. Each voter’s vote tally and the lion's share bests. Chosen official at that point go on administer laws that guideline that settle the population’s concern. Such reasonable access to the authoritative procedure and balance under the watchful eye of law guarantee the populace to be secured, the law are made by them and for them, ensuring their opportunity and rights. In any case, vote based system additionally adhere to dominant parts rule. It is workable for 49% of populace to miss out just due to the 2% contrast. However in the event that rights are solidified completely secured by means of sanctions, even minorities can get away from such oppression. Sadly, chose authorities can not constantly complete mirror the craving of the whole populace. They are, best case scenario fragmented projection if not taking into account unique intrigue or just the mass for the framework favors the greater parts, and once tied vote happens. The choice will lie exclusively on people with great influence. For barely any people to be capable settle on choice that impact a country, such force can be alluring if not rewarding, for there is thought process and it isn't difficult to envision such debasement occurring. When a legislator is done serveing the voter however himself, without appropriate check and equalization for the legislature to self right such error. It is to picture minorities right and opportunity being relinquished for the ruined authority to remain in power. The key all depends on the adequacy of said country’s lawful framework, if an administration official have the ability to adjust laws, removing rights and opportunity however he sees fit. The opportunity can not be guaranteed. However, with an appropriate procedural reasonable administrative framework, the inbuilt checks and parity will stop said debased authority violating his position. The appointive framework will kick in which authority will be supplanted in the event that they don't convey what is normal off them. With a strong sanction of rights, even minority’s intrinsic rights and opportunity can be secured against dominant parts for the natural rights ensure every one of us and permit us to keep up the poise we as a whole have. Opportunity is the idea that borderlines upon the condition wherein individual carry on with their life accord to their through and through freedom. For they settle on their own decisions without confronting crippling condition nor the weight of basically satisfying the fundamental necessities of life. We pick how we present ourselves to the world and how we impart our thought and musings. We settle on the best way to carry on with our life, from our objective to our methods for accomplishing said objectives. However these appropriate intrinsic right are in actuality delicate and defenseless. The idea of government force rules and guideline with our day by day life. Our opportunity is simply contingent, for we can just exercise our privilege and opportunity to a limited degree. As matter of actuality, our privilege and opportunity can be removed by a similar law that secure our privileges and opportunity. In any case, that is reality of the real world, opportunity without bound is outlandish. The genuineness of reality force limitation, shortage of response and mortality of men. Development directs rules from discipline of wrongdoings to disgrace and blame through profound quality. In this manner government, a type of rule, can not genuinely guarantee opportunity for its restrictive and with limits. Men has long acknowledge such impediment, yet we despite everything longs for such thought for we are driven by our through and through freedom and we look for make such framework for we are shielded from every others as well as ourselves’ own encroachment of rights and opportunity. Majority rule government is as yet our best endeavor at this unreasonable dream, the methodology is basic, for an arrangement of law made by individuals for individuals. We endeavor to successfully oversee ourselves and keep our privilege and opportunity. It is justifiable to treat the inquiry â€Å"does majority rules system guarantees opportunity ? † in a bifurcate way. It is anything but difficult to express the way that vote based system is basically crowd leads therefore two wolves can cast a ballot having the sheep for supper against the one solitary sheep’s protest. However it appears to be senseless to arrange an entire country’s populace into a predator/prey relationship, also having a sound lawful framework where natural privileges of people are ensured can for sure forestall the two wolves picking on the sheep, minorities can in any case be adequately secured by law if the sanction of rights permits. Further more, opportunity must be secure by means of appropriate arrangement of law that ensure human right and opportunity, kinds of government ought not be the choosing matter for guaranteeing opportunity. As the above sections have appeared, vote based system either guarantee nor deny opportunity, while there is no evident opportunity under any type of government for by meaning of government, limitation and restrictions are naturely forced upon people. I despite everything consider restricted contingent opportunity desirable over none for my natural right are ensured even against the oppression of dominant parts for this rights are basic. While vote based system can permit favor toward the larger parts and authority in position of intensity, with legitimate checks and force built up inside the legislature, such issue can act naturally revised. Be that as it may, without the legitimate safenet, minorities can undoubtedly been traded up by politician’s motivation and relinquished to the oppression of larger parts. As a celebrating suspected, if no type of government can accomplish genuine opportunity, what is the eventual fate of majority rule government with our general public?

The Perfect Books and Comics for Comic Con Lovers

The Perfect Books and Comics for Comic Con Lovers Last fall, I went to my first Comic Con, New York Comic Con, and needless to say, it did not disappoint. I cosplayed as Jessica Jones (also my first time cosplaying) and loved it. It’s hard to describe, but the minute I set foot in the con, the atmosphere was like none other I’d ever been part of before. I met a ton of great people, struck up dozens of fun conversations, and had a hell of a good time. I felt completely at ease there, wanted to see everything I possibly could, and my passion for comics was fueled a million times over. I’ve been planning this year’s cosplay and looking forward to this year’s Con ever since. I’ve even been planning my son’s cosplay for this year, since I’ve decided to bring him on Family Day. I’d love to do Comic Cons more often, but being a single parent to a toddler does not exactly lend itself to travel around the country to various cons (nor does my wallet). So in the meantime, I have to content myself with reading comics and books that remind me of cons/the spirit of cons. Here are my favorites. Dark Horse Anthologies Dark Horse has put out several anthologies that I really love about geekdom and cons: The Secret Loves of Geek Girls, The Secret Loves of Geeks, and the newest one, Pros and (Comic) Cons. What I love about these is the mix of short essays and stories, along with comics and illustrated stories, and the variety of voices and experiences. These collections exemplify the different ways we come to fandoms and comics, and the wide range of interests that are across the fandoms. The two Secret Loves books focus on stories about love, sex, and dating (from a variety of religious and cultural backgrounds, as well as sexualities) with a distinctly nerdy flair, whereas the Comic Con one, which was recently published, is all about the world of comic cons. Contributors to these books include Marguerite Bennett, Noelle Stevenson, Marjorie Liu, Gabby Rivera, Valentine DeLandro, Sina Grace, Brian Bendis, Margaret Atwood, and more. I often reread these anytime I need a shot of geekiness, and I’d say these are easily some of my favorite books. Blackbird, Volume 1 by Sam Humphries, Jen Bartel, Paul Reinwand, Triona Farrell, Jodi Wynne, Dylan Todd, and Jim Gibbons I cannot say enough about this comic. I read most of the individual issues online (which I never do, but Bartel’s art was too beautiful to miss), and I knew I had to get a hard copy when the trade came out. I love the storyline of this comic and the relationships between the characters as well as the magical element of it (something different for me, since I usually go for superheroes), but for me, it’s the art that really shines. Bartel is one of my favorite illustrators and I could stare at this all day. Sometimes I flounder with comics, and this was just what I needed to get back into them after some time away. Queens of Geek by Jen Wilde First, I love this book’s cover. But if you’re going to judge the book by its cover, it definitely lives up to it. This YA novel is a fun story about friends and two different love stories, all set with a backdrop of a convention. Charlie, Taylor, and Jamie are at SupaCon: Charlie is a vlogger/actress promoting her movie who also has a crush on Alyssa, a fellow actress; and Taylor, who is neurodivergent, has a crush on her friend Jamie, who may or may not be aware of it. I love this book because it doesn’t resort to teen romance stereotypes and the geeky pop culture references are stellar. Romance books aren’t generally my thing, but at its heart, this book is about the relationships that come out of fandomsâ€"including our own self-discovery. The Princess and the Fangirl: A Geekerella Fairy Tale by Ashley Poston Poston also wrote the novel Geekerella, but you don’t have to read that to enjoy this one. Imogen is a die-hard fan of Starfield and wants her favorite character, Amara, not to be killed off. Jessica, who plays Amara, hates the show and the fandom, and doesn’t care if she’s killed off. When Imogen is mistaken for Jessica at ExcelsiCon, a whole slew of events is set into placeâ€"which is further complicated when the script for the next Starfield movie is leaked. This is another fun story complete with geeky fandom details and well-developed characters. While these arent a substitute for cons, they do give me that shot of geekiness and fandom I look forward to. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Environmental Movements in the United States Essay

The United States has earned the reputation of a rebellious country since its birth in the revolution against Britain. Over the course of history, Americans have repeatedly confronted oppression, both foreign and national, through various wars and rights movements. Unfortunately, when it comes to environmental issues the average American has grown increasingly complacent. With a renewed urgency, government is working to combat global warming, but lacks the necessary social backing. This social support could be supplied through a new environmental movement that differs from past efforts. Throughout American history there have been three categories of environmental movements: preservation, conservation, and modern reform, all of which have†¦show more content†¦In the course of his lifetime, he was able to â€Å"champion protection of the Petrified Forest and the Grand Canyon in Arizona†¦Yosemite Valley as a national park in 1890, as well as for General Grant and Sequoia national parks† (â€Å"John Muir (1838-1914)†). Muir’s collaboration with President Theodore Roosevelt not only helped to make these national parks existent, but also developed into part of the â€Å"rational use† philosophy that guided environmental policy of the conservation era. The conservation movement coincided with the progressive political era of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Significant figures of this time were George Perkins Marsh and Gifford Pinchot, both who played predominant roles in shaping the rational use policy by calling for simultaneous protection of natural resources and ability to use them for economic purposes. Marsh, an intellectual Vermont-native, wrote on the vital interconnection between humans and nature, calling for a taming or â€Å"command of nature,† believing it was â€Å"important to weigh results and act accordingly† (â€Å"George Perkins Marsh: Renaissance Vermonter†). As a professional forester, Pinchot held similar environmental values, boldly declaring â€Å"the object of our forest policy is not to preserve the forests because they are refuges for the wild creatures of the wilderness, but the making of prosperous homes†¦Use must be the test by which the forester tries himself† (Bailey,Show MoreRelated Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and the Beginning of the Environmental Movement in the United States2916 Words   |  12 PagesRachel Carson’s Silent Spring and the Beginning of the Environmental Movement in the United States When Rachel Carsons Silent Spring was published in 1962, it generated a storm of controversy over the use of chemical pesticides. Miss Carsons intent in writing Silent Spring was to warn the public of the dangers associated with pesticide use. Throughout her book are numerous case studies documenting the harmful effects that chemical pesticides have had on the environment. Along with these factsRead MoreEnvironmental Justice and Toxic Racism900 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Justice and Toxic Racism Encouraged by diverse foundations from across the globe, The Environmental Justice movement has become one of the most important topics in the media. Europeans have used Marxist philosophy on class laddering, while non-Western countries required its encouragement in the criticism of colonialism. In the United States, The Civil Rights Movement was its forerunner. The notion of â€Å"Environmental Justice†, nevertheless, has its genesis in the resistance of blackRead MoreResearch Proposal On Environmental Racism And Environmental Justice Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesPhil 1404: Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice May 30, 2016 Andy Stanford (Instructor) This will be my paper research proposal on behave of the unit 8 Learning assignment as per requested; The Brief summary of my topic will be An environmental Justice / Environmental RacismRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental justice is a term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the conceptRead MoreThe Environmental Justice Movement Is The Confluence Of Three Of America s Greatest Challenges1080 Words   |  5 PagesPeople of Color Environmental Leadership Summit once said that the â€Å"The environmental justice movement is the confluence of three of America’s greatest challenges: the struggle against racism and poverty; the effort to preserve and improve the environment; and the compelling need to shift social institutions from class division and environmental depletion to social unity and global sustainability.† (pg.1) â€Å"Environmental Justice is a grassroots movement that deals with environmental burdens and theirRead MoreJohn Muir and the Environmental Conservation Movement Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesconservation movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the environmental movement which came about after 1950 had symbolic and ideological relationships, but were quite different in their social roots and objectives. A clear point is that especially in the beginning, only the elite, wealthy class, had time left to think and enjoy nature and joined the environmental movement organizations. It was born out a movement of amateurs. The organizations of the environmental movement viewedRead More Education and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice Essay example1498 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Awareness Will Promote Environmental Justice The goals of this environmental justice conference are stated simply: firstly, to explore whether racial minorities and the poor are being environmentally victimized, and secondly, to evaluate public policies that promote environmental fairness. Each speaker provided insight and information from their respective area of expertise. Led by keynote speaker Dr. Bunyan Bryant, they drew upon the realms of academic investigation, governmentRead MorePresident Roosevelts National Parks And Preservation Movement1705 Words   |  7 Pagessubsequently, Roosevelt was sworn into the presidency, along with his progressive views. Although this was not the start of the conservation and preservation movements, extended from the late 19th through the early 20th century, it was a major step for the movement as Roosevelt had empathy for activists and nature. The combination of a movement and a president who was willing to move resulted in five national parks and 18 national monuments being established by the end of Roosevelt’s presidency. AfterRead MoreRacism and Social Injustice Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States and internationally, there is a multitude of indicators that the racial environment is changing. Environmental pollution and racism are connected in more ways than one. The world is unconsciously aware of environmental intolerances, yet continues to expose the poor and minorities to physical hazards. Furthermore, sociologist continue to study â€Å"whether racial disparities are largely a function of socioeconomic disparities or whether other factors associated with race are alsoRead MoreThe United States Environmental Protection Act1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Environmental Protection Act (hereinafter referred to as EPA) defines environmental justice as ‘’the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, colour, national origin or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies’’ (Bullard 2005, 4). Throughout the world, poor people and people of colour, who have the least political power and who are the most marginalized, are selectively

Revealing the Heart of Darkness in Apocalypse Now Essay

Revealing the Heart of Darkness in Apocalypse Now Often a novel filmed as a movie departs from the original story, sometimes for better, sometimes for worse. However, many great works of literature have inspired movies, and served as the basis for a great film, even though the film may approach the literature in a different way. Such is the case with Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now, which was inspired by Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness. Coppola and the screenwriter, John Mileus, took a story written nearly eighty years earlier and used its basic theme of the inner darkness of man and the idea of the journey up a river into the unknown to tell a story about one of the darkest, most confusing chapters of American history:†¦show more content†¦Heart of Darkness deals with colonialism in Africa, and the main characters journey up the Congo River to meet a man named Kurtz, an employee of the company who is worshipped by the tribes. As the main character, Marlow, goes farther up the river, he goes further into the uncivilized world, further into a primitive world that he does not fully understand but that has consumed Kurtz. Coppola found in this story a parallel with Vietnam, a descent into a primitive world where American ideas did not always apply and the reason for being there was not always what it seemed. Seymour Chatman, in his article Two and a Half Film Versions of Heart of Darkness, comments that Cop pola saw in Conrads novella a text open enough to convey the dangers to civic society posed by a brutal, far-off war fought for the crassest economic interests (215). In Heart of Darkness, the English were in Africa to exploit the ivory and other raw materials they could acquire, but they also said they were there to civilize the natives. In Apocalypse Now, the Americans soldiers are not quite sure why they are there and they simply want to get home. Of course, the United States government said America was defending democracy in Vietnam, but the real reasons for our participation there are vague at best, and certainly had more to do with Cold War politics than saving a democracy. If greed was theShow MoreRelated Heart of Darkness Versus Apocalypse Now: The Death of Kurtz Essay816 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness Versus Apocalypse Now: The Death of Kurtz Joseph Conrad wrote Heart of Darkness to disguise his disapproval of European imperialism in the Congo. He describes the chaos and savagery found in the Congo to convince Europeans that they should stay out of Africa. Francis Ford Coppola made Apocalypse Now to disguise his disapproval of American involvement in Vietnam. He depicts the merciless slaughter of countless Vietnamese to show Americans that the United States does more harmRead MoreIn Search of the Unknown: Apocalypse Now1584 Words   |  6 PagesIn Search of the Unknown Apocalypse Now is a film based on the story Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad. By analyzing the book, the readers do not just understand the theme and plot of the story, but also makes readers look back in the 19th century Colonialism and see how the world worked under Imperialism. The movie, Apocalypse Now also correlates with the book, but this time the setting does not take place in the 19th century, but in the 20th century when United States was at war withRead MoreHeart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesENGLISH EXTENSION ESSAY – Heart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now The dark core of human nature has been a timeless notion, explored and extrapolated by many literary critics. Both the core text,  Heart of Darkness  by Joseph Conrad and its film appropriation,  Apocalypse Now  directed by Francis Ford Coppola, ignite interest as to question whether  humans are essentially creatures of dark nature when stripped down to bare essentials. When these are linked to values of greed and hunger for power and dominationRead MoreWar on the Human Spirit in Francis Ford Coppola’s Movie, Apocalypse Now1967 Words   |  8 PagesWar on the Human Spirit in Apocalypse Now      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Apocalypse Now is an extremely formalistic film from Francis Ford Coppola, he was quoted saying, Its not about Vietnam, it was Vietnam! He took quite a bit of time researching the war finding out what life was like for one taking part in the war. It is possible that any man, American or Vietnamese, may have been placed under the extreme psychological conditions of Captain Willard. In fact, in the opening scene, Martin SheenRead MoreThe Death Of The Highway1735 Words   |  7 Pagesulcer. I was downing antacids like they were candy. There was a small measure of relief when I realized the zombie apocalypse was here to stay. In this new world, I was no longer in debt. I could finally sleep, to a small degree. Best of all, my reflux vanished. The human condition was turned back to the time of the hunters and gatherers. No more working for a living. We now scavenged and relied on our resourcefulness as a means to survive. In some odd way, I found that I was better suitedRead MoreThe Nature Of The African Landscape10552 Words   |  43 PagesThe Landscape: In this section, I seek to investigate how the nature of the African landscape has been depicted in Heart of Darkness. Questions such as 1.) How the Orientalist others the foreign landscape 2.) What is the psychological influence of the African landscape on the European colonisers? 3.) Does the psychological influenceon the Whites similar to that of the Blacks? 4.) And, what are the consequences of that psychological influence on the White invaders and the natives? These argumentsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbetween industrialized Europe and North America and the developing world, as well as the contrasts in urban design and living conditions between different sorts of political regimes— communist, capitalist, colonial, and fascist. Particularly revealing are Spodek’s discussions of the influence of prominent urban planners and architects— including Le Corbusier and the Chicago School—urban preservation and the city as the locus of global cultural development, and the ways in which slums and shantyRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesProject Management Body of Knowledge (2008). †¢ Revised Chapter 14 to include project retrospectives. Chapters 2, 4, 6, 7, and 12, have been updated. †¢ New student exercises and cases have been added to most chapters. †¢ Answers to selected exercises are now available in Appendix 1 †¢ A third major computer exercise has been added to the Appendix 2; †¢ The â€Å"Snapshot from Practice† boxes feature a number of new examples of project management in action as well as new research highlights that continue to promote

“the Catcher in the Rye Expository Essay” Free Essays

â€Å"The catcher in the rye expository essay† The catcher in the rye is a book I have read and really enjoyed because of the plot and the characters in the novel. â€Å"I always call it the catcher of the rye of the new generation. † (www. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"the Catcher in the Rye Expository Essay† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thinkexist. comJessica sharzer) the novel takes place in New York. This narrativeis really enjoyable and fun to read. This novel deals with a lot of issues and this is the reason I enjoyed this innovative story. The story takes place in New York City and this is one of the many reasons why I like this novel. The story was also written in a narrative format because of the way the main character: Holden Coldenfield. Holden narrates throughout the entire narrative because he is the narrator. He has been kicked out of eight different schools due to the way he acts in class and towards his peers. He also smokes to keep his stress down because of the way he acts. Every single person who knows of Holden would not like or even care for him. The only person who cared for him is his little sister. The family does not know he was kicked out of his new school Yancy academy. Holden cares for his little sister Phoebe Caulfield. Holden also stays at a hotel for a couple of nights after being kicked of his poised school Yancy academy. He tries to act like an adult to show he is not afraid even though he is sixteen. When Holden couldn’t afford to stay at the hotel anymore he decided to stay with a teacher who tries to molest him while he sleeps and Holden then decides to leave the teachers house without calling the police. While he is walking he happens upon a bar and decides to walk in even though he is sixteen but he has a fake driver’s license and he sees a girl dancing by herself and so he decides to ask her out and it does not end well for him. Holden decides to leave New York for another city because he knows that his family will send him to another prep school. His family might start to miss him since he was their only son and they took him for granted. Before leaving he finds his sister while she is on a field trip in central park and takes her to a merry go round before leaving. Since Holden really cares for Phoebe he explains to her that he is leaving and won’t be coming back and he tells her that he loves her. He also tells Phoebe the dream he had explaining him being a catcher in the rye and how he was catching little kids as they ran off a cliff. After he is done telling her this she asks him if she could go with him when he leaves New York. Finally, the catcher in the rye is a novel that I have read and enjoyed because of the characters and the plot in the novel. â€Å"I will always call it the catcher in the rye of the new generation. †(Jessica sharzer) How to cite â€Å"the Catcher in the Rye Expository Essay†, Essays

Leveraging the P.S. - Why Postscripts are Important

LEVERAGING THE P.S. WHY POSTSCRIPTS ARE IMPORTANT Ive been working on a direct mail marketing letter and wanted to share a little pearl of wisdom with everyone: how and why the P.S. or postscripts line is so important. Research shows that almost 80 percent of people will open a letter, scan the return address to see who sent it, then skip straight down to the postscript. (It’s so true too – try it yourself!) So that means that your P.S. is both your first and last opportunity to get through to your reader – it’s the one line that’s going to get read the most thoroughly. So, what should you include in your postscript? I happen to have a few ideas in mind†¦ †¢ DON’T include any new information in the postscript. The body of your letter should get straight to the point, including all benefits and features. If a piece of information isn’t in the letter, don’t include it in the postscript – that’s confusing to the reader, and just bad writing. One exception: you CAN introduce a good teaser like a special offer in your postscript to get people to act immediately. †¢ DON’T write a paragraph. Postscripts are short, so keep it down to a sentence or two. †¢ DO summarize your sales message, or drive it home. Remind the reader of what you’re offering – and make it punchy: give people a timeline, or create a sense of urgency with phrases like â€Å"Limited time offer† or â€Å"One week only.† †¢ DO repeat your key benefits, but briefly. Are you saving people money? Why should they give you their money? Any key benefits in the postscript should reinforce the message in the body of your letter. †¢ DO give contact information and encourage people to learn more about your product or service. †¢ DO have a call to action. Use action verbs that spur people to pick up the phone, buy your product, log on for more information, etc. †¢ DO make sure that you’re effectively targeting your audience in the postscript and providing relevant information. †¢ DO keep it personal and conversational. This should be done throughout the body of your sales letter, but especially in the postscript, since 4 out of 5 recipients will be reading it first. Save those five-dollar words for someone else. Let’s look at a few good postscripts: P.S. – Remember, due to space constraints, you must reserve your seat at the Annual Charity Luncheon by Thursday, March 21st. For reservations, call 123-456-6543 or log onto our website, www.charitylunch.com. P.S. – Our widgets are proven to help shave at least 10 percent off your total electric bill. We’re so confident in our widgets that we’re extending a special offer, until July 3rd. Call 974-213-6809 to order your widget and receive an extra widget free of charge. Most professionals would agree that a sales letter isn’t complete without a postscript. Those two little letters carry a lot of weight, and can mean the difference between a new sale or your hard work down the drain. There are a million variations on writing good postscripts, just remember a few of the rules above: keep postscripts short, benefit-oriented, and compelling.

Secession Debated Essay Example

Secession Debated Essay Example Secession Debated Paper Secession Debated Paper Secession Debated BY love_allY123 History 2110, Secession Debated Reading Worksheet For any six of the following items (you may omit any one of the following, except Joe Brown), A) define each orators position B) list 2 or 3 of their major arguments C) choose 1 or 2 quotes that you think best typify their position, or quotes that you find particularly striking. 1. Thomas R. R. Cobb Delivered his speech in Milledgeville on November 12, 1860 and the night before in Athens. Thomas was a very well educated man and served as a longtime clerk on the Georgia Supreme Court. He wrote many books on Georgia Laws nd Supreme Court Manuals. He also wrote a book called Law of Negro Slavery which highlighted his practice of restraint, control and puritanical Christianity views. Clearly he was a secessionist being a faithful Georgia man however his speech isnt all fire and war. He promoted control rebellion with specific reasons as to why secession is a viable option. In his speech he focuses on the effort of the northern states and frequently condemns Personal Liberty Laws. The parties are all dead, let them be buried and with them let us bury all the political and personal animosities which they have engendered and as brothers, as riends, as Georgias sons, let us come and take council together, how we shall avenge her wrongs, promote her prosperity and preserve her honor. The exclusion of half the states of the union has been decreed and we are called upon to record the fiat. Will you do it men of Georgia? 2. Robert Toombs was a faithful Georgia man and an a vid secessionist. His eloquence and passion allowed him to win over many antebellum Georgians with the speech he gave on November 13th, 1860 in Milledgeville. He served as a Georgia congress representative in 1846 the on the Senate in 1851; clearly a politically seasoned man. He starts his basic speech with a straight up call to action. We have not sought this conflict; we have sought too long avoid it; our forbearance has been construed into weakness, our magnanimity into fear until the vindication of our manhood, as well as the defense of our rights is required at our hands. The door of conciliation and compromise is finally closed by our adversaries and it remains only to us to meet the conflict with dignity and firmness of men worthy of freedom. The continues his speech with the unfair treatment of the south as if it were some nothing but barren land and derision. He talks about how the north is more favored than the south and says so in his next quote. Thus stands the account between the North and the South. Under its ordinary and most favorable action, bounties and protection to every interest and every pursuit in the North, to the extent of at least fifty millions per annum, besides the expenditure among them, thus making the treasury a perpetual fertilizing stream to them and their industry and a suction pump to drain away our substance and parch up our lands. 3. Alexander Stephens was a Georgian representative in The United States House of Representatives before and after the civil war and served as the Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the war. He was very good friends with Robert Toombs and it threw him for quite a loop when Stephens gave a unionist speech. These first two quotes from his speech was one that really stood out to me being the he Just stated what he thought so plainly and gives this situation a different feel. He is telling his fellow Georgians that nationalism is more important than having a southerner in office. He is playing the you should know better card and trying to make it seem like he is putting trust into these men. My countrymen, I tell you frankly, candidly, and earnestly, that I do not think that they ought. In my Judgment, the election of no man, constitutionally chosen to that high office, is sufficient cause to Justify any State to separate from the Union. It ought to stand by and aid still in maintaining the Constitution of the country. l trust, my countrymen, you will be still and silent. I am addressing your good sense. I am giving you my views, in a calm and dispassionate manner, and if any of you differ with me, you can on some other occasion give your views, as I am doing now, nd let reason and true patriotism decided between us. In my Judgment, I say, under such circumstances, there would be no possible disgrace for a Southern man to hold office. No man will be suffered to be appointed, I have no doubt, who is not true to the Constitution, if Southern Senators are true to their trusts, as I cannot permit myself to doubt that they will be. 4. Benjamin Hill was a unionist who gave his speech November 16, 1860. Hill was a U. S. Representative, U. S. senator, and a confederate senator from Hillsboro. He also ran for governor against Joseph Brown but was unsuccessful. He was also known as the peerless orator due to his eloquence and verbosity. A quote that really stuck out to me was this next one because it seemed to me like he was saying as Georgians they should not get mad at the Union for these recent aggressions since they happen so frequently they should not be talking about secession since that is a part of their everyday life. ignity, to our self-respect as Union men and Southern men, to have a cessation of these aggressions and an end to these disturbances. I do not think we should wait for any further violation of the Constitution. The Constitution has already been violated and even defiled. These violations are repeated every day. We must resist, and to attempt to resist and not do so effectively even to the full e xtent of the evil will be to bring shame on ourselves, our State, and our cause 5. Henry Benning gave his secessionist speech on Monday evening of November 19th, 1860. Benning was a Jack of all trades, he was a lawyer, legislature, and a Judge on the Georgia Supreme Court; man knew his way around the legal system, clearly. Fort Benning is actually named after him. His speech was very compelling and started off trange, it certainly got my attention more so than the others and was probably a breath of fresh air compared to the wait it out political views of the unionists. Bennings strong use of comparisons really makes his speech so much more entertaining and persuading. I almost feel compelled to secede after reading it. But this quote shows it more so that the injustices that the south has faced are more ugly, like a disease. l say that a separation from the North would be a complete remedy for the disease a complete remedy for both diseases, a remedy not merely to prevent abolition, but lso to heal the fugitive slave ulcer 6. Joseph E. Brown, governor of Georgia at the time sent out a letter on the 7th of December, 1860. Being a slave holder he strongly supported secession and with this letter he inflated popular vote from 51% to 58% to secede. He starts out his letter with three propositions, three questions attempting to Justify secession in the common mind. He was basically asking are you sure this is what you want? to the common people. Then he goes on basically double checking the reasons why they should secede and if they are Justifiable or not. However my favorite quote, which is oward the end is this next one. He Just states so plainly how he feels and does not apologize for what he says, well he is the governor so he doesnt really have to. My honest convictions are, that we can never again live in peace with the Northern abolitionists He then ends his speech with this next quote after persuading the audience that they should not be fighting each other but their common enemy. My fervent prayer is, that the God of our fathers may inspire the Convention with wisdom, and so direct their counsels as to protect our rights and preserve our liberties to the latest generation. I find Thomas Cobbs speech the most mesmerizi ng and compelling out of all of these. Like the book described in Thomass short bio before the speech one listener declared that is was the best speech he had ever heard and that he should definitely deliver it in Milledgeville. Since Thomas was already a man familiar with politics and slavery due to his books that he had written before I believe he was more than qualified to make a speech such as he did. I found it compelling, heartfelt and genuine. Because of it was a speech given so genuinely and so desirously I honestly felt like seceding after reading it. Because he started out very humble saying he is a common man then slowly eased into Lincoln being elected and if that is grounds for secession then talks about the constitution and condemns the Personal Liberty Laws and goes into four points of secession and what really are the grounds for it. Lastly he ends his speech thwarting the Fugitive Law of the Federal Government. I believe it was a well-planned, well invoked speech that got the point across clearly to the common man which was important back then since they took a popular vote on secession, 166 130 favored secession so clearly they got the point somehow.

8 Amateur Mistakes You Must Avoid at Work

8 Amateur Mistakes You Must Avoid at Work Sometimes getting jobs, changing jobs, and dreaming about dream jobs takes up so much of our career energy that we forget to focus on the job we’re in now. Take care not to make careless mistakes or get too complacent. Make sure you’re not guilty of any of the following blundersand then go back to daydreaming.1. Playing politicsIt never pays to be cutthroat, backstab, or even to go in the other direction and be sickeningly nice to everyone. People can read a phony from miles away. Don’t be one.Rather than constantly posturing, stick to your own personality, smoothed over a bit to maintain your professionalism, of course. Be genuine.2. Over-taskingMulti-tasking is one thing- and a very valuable skill, but it can be overdone. When you have too much on your plate, some projects will get lost in the shuffle. Keep your head, choose your priorities, and stay focused on one thing at a time whenever possible. That means not answering emails or texts during meetings, and actually listening when your colleagues speak.3. WhiningNobody likes all aspects of their job. But everyone appreciates a positive attitude. Keep quiet about what makes you most disgruntled, even if you really wish you could blast it on Twitter for sheer catharsis. Focus on what you can change, and stay quiet about the rest. If things are really all that bad, start looking for another job.4. Promising too muchWe all want to be the hero and say â€Å"yes† whenever called upon. But it’s important to make sure you can deliver on the promises you make. Don’t overextend yourself and end up disappointing people. Help whenever you can, and push yourself to greater heights, but stay honest and don’t let expectations get away from you.5. StruttingKnow your place. If you’ve just started in a company, don’t walk around like the C.E.O. You have to earn your coworkers’ (and boss’s) respect over time. That way, when you run the place, everyo ne will still like you, as well as fear you.6.  Being antisocialDon’t just mainline a salad at your desk, or grab lunch with only your team every day as if nothing else- not even the rest of the company- exists. Don’t forget to make friends that aren’t necessarily working with you on a day-to-day basis. It will help you maintain a work-life balance, even at the office. And it helps you make more connections and develop a more diverse profile at your company and in your field.7. Not answering opportunity’s knockEven if you like your job, you shouldn’t turn a blind eye to new opportunities. You never know when a better position or more exciting opportunity will come your way. It pays to be prepared.8.  Letting small failures keep you downWe all make mistakes. What we should all do is learn from them. It keeps us from making even more mistakes, keeps us humble, and keeps us improving ourselves in hopes of greater and greater success.

Social Thought & Social Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Thought & Social Change - Essay Example There has been a â€Å"social change† in United States (Cornish, 1993, pp. 162). Various sociologists belonging to different school of thoughts have interpreted social change differently. In particular, notion of Social Change will under evaluation according to the works of Karl Marx and Max Webber. Marx simply defined social change as something, which emerges from class conflict, and this social change might be in the form of revolutions and not necessarily peaceful (Tischler, 2007, pp. 14). Weber’s ideas on social change were not economically based like that of Marx, but he emphasized that social change is brought about by ideas and ideals (Denhardt, 2004, pp.26). Society has undergone various transformations; the theories of Marx and Weber highlight how social change brought about these transformations. The paper explains the theories of Marx and Weber to explain the concept of â€Å"post industrialist† society. Bell does not really define post industrialist s ociety as a transition into service industry. Bell places great emphasis on scientific knowledge in this era and this scientific knowledge is a catalyst for social change (Mackay, Maples, Reynolds, 2001, pp. 24). Postindustrial era emerged after the Second World War that saw immense technological developments some of which included the transformation of matter into energy, atom bomb and the first digital computer (Bell, 1973, pp. 339). The character of ‘knowledge’ itself stands out in postindustrial societies. The main features of a postindustrial society include that of an increase in the size of the service industry, extensive use of machinery, an increase in the amount of information technology and knowledge and creativity standing out (Society, n.d, n.p). Karl Marx was particularly focused on the inequality perpetuated by capitalism. He argued that a particular technology did not define capitalism, and was the relation of social forces within the capitalist society that was significant. In the sense, that the people who owned the means of production and the workers who worked on these means of production had an important relationship. Although technology was vital to the process but it resulted only â€Å"as consequence of the relationship between those who produce surplus value and who appropriate it† (Jordan, Pile, 2002, pp.102). The works of Marx itself were based on the industrialist society. However, various contemporary Marxist theorists have identified that the conflicts within the framework of work, which occurred in industrial society have still not been removed with the introduction of the post industrialist era, also widely known as Information Communications Technology (ICT). In addition, even Bell has identified that the landowner and soldier were central figures in pre-industrial society and the businesspersons in industrial society, largely scientists and researchers dominate the postindustrial society (Cornish, 1993, pp. 162). Marxists therefore would emphasize that the scientists and researchers have the ‘elite’ knowledge, which is in the hands of the powerful few. Hence, there is inequality in the society. Furthermore, there has been an integration of ICT into the manufacturing world. This is an addition of modernity to the trend, which Marx had established. Therefore, according to Marxists, ICT is a ‘

A Sense of Environmental Consideration Research Paper

A Sense of Environmental Consideration - Research Paper Example Ecological deterioration results from several sources. However, these sources can fall under two categories namely natural and anthropogenic causes. Anthropogenic causes of environmental degradation include industrial activities, mining, agriculture and developmental infrastructure. The success of all these activities revolves around the modification of the environment in several ways. The constructions of industries require space. As such, vegetations are cleared to create space for such constructions. This renders the soil void of vegetation, thus, exposes it to threats of soil erosion (Nemeth, 2012). This leads to environmental degradation through loss of soil fertility, thus reducing the agricultural potentials. This culminates to food crises. The loss of vegetation through environmental degradation is critical n causing the issues of global warming. This follows that there will be little or no vegetation to absorb the temperature as well as the light from the sun. In addition, t he loss of vegetation means little incidences of surface albedo (Nemeth, 2012). Therefore, the surface reflectivity of the sun’s rays will be hampered. This means that more heat will be absorbed by the surface of the soil and will be released gradually to the atmosphere. This causes global warming. The increased temperatures in the atmosphere may affect the ozone layer, causing its depletion. This may be responsible for changing the weather patterns thereby affecting several activities on the global perspective. Environmental degradation may also follow the activities of several industries.

Canterbury Tales - Linking Griselda of The Clerks Tale to the Biblical

Linking Griselda of The Clerk's Tale and the Biblical Sacrifice of Abraham      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Clerk's Tale seems to strike most readers  as a distasteful representation of corrupt sovereignty and emotional sadism; few can find any value in Walter's incessant urge to test his wife's constancy, and the sense that woman is built for suffering is fairly revolting to most modern sensibilities. Nevill Coghill, for instance, described the tale as "too cruel, too incredible a story," and he notes that "even Chaucer could not stand it and had to write his marvelously versified ironic disclaimer" (104-5). It seems, however, even more incredible that a great poet should bother composing a tale for which he himself had little taste; that is, there must be some point, however strange, to the ordeal of Griselda. One of the words Chaucer frequently uses to describe her character is sadness. The word obviously had a very different meaning in fourteenth-century England from what it has today: In Chaucer it does not denote a depressed moral or psychological sta te, but a way of reacting to events which takes them thoroughly seriously without letting them disturb one's internal composure. This kind of sadness can best be understood in terms of the biblical models Griselda follows. She explicitly echoes the Stoic resolve of Job when she declares, "Naked out of my fadreshous, ...I cam, and naked moote I turn again" (871-2) [this quote needs a / to show line breaks and should use spaced periods with square brackets for ellipses]. But the allusions to Job may momentarily throw the reader off the trail of an even stronger biblical model: the story of Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The affinities b... ...ch the "intoxicated security of the flesh" (in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Calvin's phrase), puffed up in its own satisfaction at an unbroken system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of moral debts and repayments, is negated by the knowledge of an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   intractable sinfulness, and in which all human activity turns out to have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   been an anguished cry for forgiveness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benson, Larry. Ed. The Riverside Chaucer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1987.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Clerk's Tale.The Riverside Chaucer.Ed. Larry    Benson. Boston: Houghton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mifflin Co., 1987. 137-53.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coghill, Nevill. The Poet Chaucer. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kierkegaard, Sà ¸ren. Fear and Trembling.Trans. Walter Lowrie. Princeton:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PrincetonUniversity Press, 1941.

Letter / Apollo Shoes

First I would like to thank the board of director of Apollo Shores for their recent inquiry about Phoenix & Company’s services. Since our firm is small, we offer a wide range of personalized services to clients at a reasonable cost. Phoenix & Company is a CPA firm with more the 25 years in the business of providing client tax services, accounting booking, management consulting, quality control consulting, risk assessment, capital transaction assistance, and information systems functionality. The firm’s approach has been very successful because of our ability to comprehend our clients’ organization paradigm including risk assessment, control issues, and diagnostic. The benefits to our auditing approach would help the management team efficiency identify areas within the organization’s that needs to be address. This process could improve the company’s efficiency identifying that controls are in place. Overall this gives the management team a better understanding of the organization working including their financial systems. The role of Phoenix & Company is to obtaining sufficient audit evaluation and evidence in order to test the organizational controls. At this time I would like to define auditing and give some benefits of an audit. â€Å"Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria† (Arens, Elder & Beasley, 2006). The benefits to auditing are the ability for a company to improve the understanding of the financial records from the management and users stand points. Another benefit is the ability to identify areas within the organization that needs improvement. A company could reinforce, risk assessments, and improve internal controls. In conclusion the firm of Phoenix & Company is an excellent resource to provide Apollo Shores with effective analysis, and relevant information to meet the needs of your organization. The approach is to improve the organization safeguards in order to protect the financial operations of the company.

Differences Between Hamlet And King Claudius - 745 Words

In the story Hamlet by Shakespeare, Hamlet and his uncle, King Claudius, come across as the two main characters that cause the most conflict. Due to the murder of former King Hamlet, Hamlet debates on whether suicide is the only way to cope with the death of his father, until he later finds out his uncle, current king, and step-father is responsible for his father ÃŒ s death. Hamlet and the new King then plan for each others death, which takes a turn for the worst. The differences and similarities between these two characters are pronounced, and they deserve thorough examination. Hamlet displays as the depressed, crazy Prince that lost his mind after the death of his father. Polonius tries to understand why Hamlet is acting not his normal†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have murdered my own brother. I cannot even pray, though I wish to do so† (Act 3, Scene 3). The king claims he feels sorrow for his crime, but is not willing to give away what came from it to have his si ns forgiven. â€Å"My crown, my ambition, and my queen† (Act 3, Scene 3). He is strictly only worried about what benefits him the most. Toward the end, he tries to get rid of Prince Hamlet because he realizes Hamlet is a problem towards his elegant life. Claudius says in the text, â€Å"Do not delay. He must be out of here tonight† (Act 4, Scene 3). Although, his villain qualities are very strong, the love he has for Queen Gertrude seems real and sincere. Due to many betrayals the king did, Hamlet had it out for him, which soon led to the death of way more people than needed. The similarities between these two characters of Hamlet, is that they both truly feel for Queen Gertrude. Despite the hate they have each other, the love for the queen for the both of them stay sincere. They also are very manipulative, as in how Hamlet made everyone believe he has gone crazy and Claudius had fooled everyone on what had really happened with the death of his brother. On the contrary , Claudius is very selfish and Hamlet is selfless. King Claudius strictly only cares about what benefits him, although Hamlet does not care about benefits him the most. Hamlet also doesn’t seem to mind what people think of him, but Claudius seems as if the opinionShow MoreRelatedHamlet : The Difference Between Hamlet And King Claudius873 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, possibly one of the most infamous plays, by the most acclaimed poet to ever live. A tragic story full of love, betrayal, revenge, and death, and at the hull of it all young Hamlet, caught in the mix of it all, a prince from Elsinore, Denmark whose only wish is to avenge his father. I will be analyzing the difference between Hamlet and King Claudius.Let’s start with some background knowledge of the play, King Claudius, of Denmark, before the play starts does a atrocious act and poisons OldRead MoreMarxist Literary Theory In â€Å"Hamlet†. Marxism Is A Theory1011 Words   |  5 PagesMarxist Literar y Theory in â€Å"Hamlet† Marxism is a theory based on â€Å"a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation† (Wikipedia, 2017) by philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism focuses on social contradictions and the struggle between socioeconomic classes, which are proletariat, who are the poor people and the working class; and bourgeoisie, the rich people that control the means of production. Marxist theory states that the onlyRead More The Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare wrote the classic play, Hamlet in the sixteenth century.   Hamlet would be a very difficult play to understand without the masterful use of foils.   A foil is a minor character in a literary work that compliments the main character through similarities and differences in personality.   The audience can identify similarities and differences between any of the characters and Hamlet, however, there are two characters thatRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Oedipus The King And Hamlet887 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent between Oedipus the King and Hamlet. Oedipus the King was written by Sophocles in 430-425 BCE. Oedipus the King is about King Oedipus finding out his true origins and him fulfilling a prophecy. In order to save his Kingdom Oedipus has to find out who murdered the king before him. Looking for the murderer Oedipus begins to learn about his origins and true self. Hamlet on the other hand is about a Hamlet, the prince of Denmark , trying to avenge his fathers death. There are many differences betweenRead MoreHamlet Allusions1079 Words   |  5 PagesResearch paper hamlet INTRO Hamlet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare where the main character, Hamlet, Thesis: In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet mythological and biblical allusions informs us of Hamlet’s inevitable fall. Throughout the play, Hamlet uses many mythological allusions to show his feelings towards other characters such as Claudius, Gertrude and the old king as well as inform us of his â€Å"fall†. After Queen Gertrude is re-married to Claudius, Hamlet shows hisRead More Hamlet the Play and the Movie Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet the Play and the Movie Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a story about a king that was murdered by his brother and the prince has been asked by his father?s ghost to avenge his murder. The original story line has been altered a few times since it has been written. The original Hamlet the play and the altered Hamlet the movie are shown differently in many different ways. Hamlet the movie with Mel Gibson shows different things than the play, but there are three major differences betweenRead MoreAct I, Scene II928 Words   |  4 Pages Original Text Act I, Scene II introduces Prince Hamlet, his mother Queen Gertrude, and his uncle Claudius. Due to the recent death of King Hamlet there have been two notable changes in the kingdom. First, Claudius is the new King of Denmark. Act I, Scene II begins with King Claudius expressing appreciation for the support he is receiving from his court and subjects. The second change is that Claudius has married Queen Gertrude. Claudius presents the immediate marriage as a method of overcomingRead MoreHamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet948 Words   |  4 Pagesthought out plans aren’t fool proof as demonstrated in the play Hamlet by Shakespeare. Plots against Hamlet are constantly being thwarted as they happen by Hamlet’s wit and luck. The three main plots being: Polonius spying on Hamlet hoping to find out what’s wrong with Hamlet, Claudius sending Hamlet to England so he can be executed, and Claudius trying to kill Hamlet during a fencing match between Hamlet and L aertes. Although Hamlet does end up dead in the end of the play, it was of great cost toRead MoreDifferences Between Hamlets Mental/Emotional Conflicts and Beowulfs Physical Battles960 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences between Hamlets mental/emotional conflicts and Beowulfs physical battles Beowulf is an epic poem from an unknown author. The main point and theme of Beowulf is about heroism of a warrior with courage who becomes an epic hero; not only by his strength in the battles but also by his social obligations. In Williams Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Hamlet’s mental and emotional conflict is based on a tragedy of revenge. It is the differences of Beowulf and Hamlet, that also make it the sameRead MoreHamlet V. Claudius Essays1181 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet vs. Claudius: A Fight to Remember In the literary classic, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, controversy meets corruption. The monarch of Denmark, King Hamlet, is murdered by his jealous brother, Claudius. While the son of the king, Prince Hamlet, is away at school, Claudius seizes the throne and marries the adulterous Queen Gertrude. Hamlet returns to Denmark finding his father dead, his mother remarried, and his uncle the king. Grief succumbs Hamlet and his only relief is from the

10 Greatest Ancient Military Leaders

Can Machines Think Or Not - 2532 Words

Can Machines Think? For years there has been much debate on whether or not machines can think, but there is little understanding of the importance of figuring out the answer. While it is imperative to know the cognitive abilities and powers of computers, there is much more in depth reasoning. As these machines play a vital role in our everyday lives, we are becoming more and more dependent on them. Throughout this essay, I would like to present my argument as to whether or not I think machines are able to think. Although a thinking machine does not exist yet and we cannot prove that one will ever be created, I would like to argue that I do not think a machine that obtains consciousness and thinking abilities could ever exist. I would like to start this by including characteristics of thinking machines, and then later defining what it means to me a machine and what it means to be human. Following this, I include a test of intelligence for machines if one is ever in existence, an d later I mention what the criteria for intelligence is. Along with this, I include many arguments held by philosophers and I support my opinions with credible objections. I conclude that while I do believe that machines will never be able to think, with evolution it is possible for them to acquire certain characteristics similar to those held by humans. According to Alan Turing in the W. Mays article, â€Å"Can Machines Think?† it is not only interesting, but it may be necessary to test theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Alan Turing s Can Machines Think?1587 Words   |  7 PagesOn his essay â€Å"Can machines think?† Alan Turing, a great mathematician, and creator of the Turing Test presents us with the initial concept of what is now considered artificial intelligence. He states that eventually, as time progresses, machines will be able to think like humans. But, can a machine really think like a human? Can a machine even think on its own, or it is just based on hu man science and engineering to make computer systems perform tasks that require intelligence when done by humansRead MoreArtificial Intelligence Is An Idea That Machines Can Think And Make Decisions Just As Us Humans?1807 Words   |  8 PagesArtificial Intelligence is an idea. An idea that machines can think and make decisions just as us humans can. With an ever growing knowledge of technology, we have seen a major impact from Artificial Intelligence and it will continue to impact our lives. One future impact of AI is its use in the judicial system. Judicial systems exist all around the world, in one form or anther, each with different laws and policies, but all judicial systems can be significantly impacted by AI. However, the questionRead MoreCan Artificial Consciousness be Possible?868 Words   |  4 PagesCan artificial consciousness be possible? In other words, can a machine be conscious and have the same behavior as a human. Artificial consciousness or also can be referred as machine consciousness are machines created by humans that are programmed to have artificial intelligence in the machine’s system. This means that machines are programmed to have the intelligence as a human. However, would it be possible for humans to create a machine that is programmed to have the ability to think, feel, andRead MoreComputers Can Not Have Minds1490 Words   |  6 PagesAlan Turing, â€Å"father† of modern computers, created the Turing Machine in order to prove, through the use of an imitation game, that computers can think. John Searle argued that the Turing Test is simply just imitating, rather than thinking. Based on Searle’s argument against the Turing Test, I think that computers cannot have minds. Although Turing argues that computers can think, there are many arguments, such as Searle’s Chinese room argument, and defenses that I will present that support SearleRead MoreThe Mind And Machines, An Oxymoron?1365 Words   |  6 Pag esMinds and Machines, an oxymoron? Can machines think? This question, addressed by Descartes and Turing, leads to discussion of how thought is constructed and what is the mind made of. At the heart of the debate, there is a schism between Cartesian dualism and functionalism. Language is a method considered by both sides as evidence of thought and provides the test for intelligence. This essay will look at Descartes’ objections and Turing’s arguments for whether machine can ever think. This essay willRead MoreWhat Does It Mean?1587 Words   |  7 Pagescasual in our everyday lives that we sometimes take it for granted and never really think about the process of â€Å"thinking†. What does it mean to â€Å"think†? What qualities do one need to meet to be considered â€Å"capable of thinking†? Being a human involves thinking and thinking involves experiences and emotions. In his paper, Turing questions these traits and brings in new theories to support his statement that machines are ca pable of thinking, using his imitation game as an example. I would have to disagreeRead MoreComputing Machinery And Intelligence By Alan Turing1469 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion of whether machines can think in the same humans can by conceptualizing the question in concrete terms. In simple terms, Turing redefines the question by posing whether a machine can replicate the cognition of a human being. Yet, some may object to the notion that Turing’s new question effectively captures the nature of machines’ capacity for thought or consciousness, such as John Searle. In his Chinese room thought experiment, Searle outlines a scenario that implies machines’ apparent replicationRead MoreIs It Possible For A Machine?847 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a Machine to ‘’think’’? To be ‘’conscious’’? To ‘’understand’’? Explain with reference to your readings in the Philosophy of Mind module. The problem of thought associated with a machine raises ethical issues on a scientific perspective. So, how can we engage and act to develop the systems necessary for a peaceful life for human beings and especially in order not to be responsible for a collapse of humanism by wrapping in an autonomous and dense monitoring system throughout the society? Can a machineRead MoreMachines can be conscious1605 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿R.Yusuf Akbal 210112409 03.05.2013 Can machines be conscious? Can machines be conscious? Well, the answer actually depends on the kind of machines you are talking about. Based on quite a few instances and research work done on this particular topic, I think that the machines can indeed be categorized as conscious beings and in the following paragraphs I will be providing a couple of examples in order to support my argument. If we look at the definition of consciousness, which implies that ‘oneRead More`` A Cyborg Manifesto `` By Donna Haraway1129 Words   |  5 Pages We invented machines to fulfill our necessities. As machines get smarter in the 21th century, we give machines more permissions and freedom to do more things for us. However, the new generations that are born with all the advanced technologies they needed don’t quite understanding the use of machines as we are more relying on them. The machines are quickly expanding and replacing our brains and bodies even it is a simple task to do. But if we step back a little and think that we are the inventors

Contextual factors on the adoption and infusion of ABC Free Essays

The chief research aims of this survey are to look into the influence of certain contextual factors on the execution phases, acceptance and extract of ABC, and besides to look into whether the acceptance and extract of ABC better Persian fabrication houses ‘ public presentation ( fiscal and non fiscal ) This chapter provides a treatment to which findings reported in Chapter five are able to supply replies to the research inquiries and achieve the research objectives set out at the beginning of the research. The findings of this survey supply groundss in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC and in these countries are tested three major contextual facA ­tors: environmental factors, technological factors, and organisational factors. Therefore, the following three subdivisions discuss the consequences related to three major contextual facA ­tors: environmental factors, technological factors, and organisational factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Contextual factors on the adoption and infusion of ABC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following subdivision provides treatment on hypotheses 7 which predicted that the effects of each contextual factor on ABC execution phases are changed. Then relationships between execution phases, acceptance, extract of ABC and organisational public presentation are presented. Following subdivision provides treatment relationship between execution phases, acceptance, extract of ABC and organisational public presentation. The following subdivision the deduction of the survey, and discusses about both theoretical and practical deductions. This is followed by the treatment on the survey ‘s possible restrictions. For get the better ofing such restrictions, several suggestions are presented for future research. Finally, in the last subdivision, decision on the overall findings is presented. 6.1. Technological factors and ABC 1 ) Degree of information engineering quality ( IT ) : Hypothesis one that predicted the positive consequence of IT on three positions of ABC was non supported. IT did non significantly affect the execution phases, and extract ABC. Furthermore, it was found that IT to be negatively related to ABC acceptance. As reference in old chapters, acceptance has been the chief event in ABC surveies. In this survey that ABC execution was considered as the seven phases procedure, ABC adoptive parent was defined as a house who meet at least phases 4 or supra. It means the ABC acceptance is vary from ‘plan to follow ABC ‘ to ‘ABC have adopted ‘ . The consequence indicates the negative consequence of IT on ABC acceptance. This determination is considered with survey by Krumwide ( 1998b ) who find that high degree of information system ( IT ) may force houses to reject ABC before following. She argued that houses in high information system quality that are satisfied with information provided from bing system might be loath to put their resources in following ABC system. It seems that houses who have non reached the acceptance phase besides invest in a big sum of resource on IT. Possibly excessively much IT takes the focal point off from following ABC. These consequences suggest h ouses without high IT quality possibly more able to follow ABC. This survey used seven execution phases and defined extract ABC as the phase seven â€Å" Used extensively † . For analysing â€Å" extract ABC † merely ABC adoptive parent houses are included in the sample ( n = 33 ) . In the phase seven, ABC information is used outside the accounting section for determination devising. This phase is frequently cited as an of import end or ABC success. However, accomplishing this end can be hard ; some research workers believed that organisational factors have consequence on extract ABC more than the other factors ( e.g. , Shields, 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) . The IT did non play important function for houses to travel higher execution phases of ABC and accomplishing infuse ABC. Besides this consequence is non congruity with of Krumwiede ( 1998b ) who find positive consequence of IT on extract ABC, it seems the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed IT playing important functions. 2 ) Degree of merchandise diverseness ( DIVER ) : In this survey DIVER relates to the assortment of merchandises that are manufactured by a house. H ( 2 ) provinces that degree of merchandise diverseness has a positive consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract. Hypothesis ( 1 ) was partly supported and the consequences suggest that there is a positive and important consequence of DIVER on ABC execution and ABC acceptance, but grounds shows DIVER did non significantly affect ABC extract. This suggests that as merchandise diverseness is high, the houses make greater following ABC and besides they are motivated to run into higher phase of ABC execution. These happening supported by many research workers ( e.g. , Bjornenak 1997 ; Clarke et al. , 1999 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002 ; Brown et al. , 2004 ) . They believed that high degree of merchandise diverseness increase the demand of more accurate costing systems which is a primary ground for following a new bing system such as ABC. This is what Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) where they argued that traditional cost systems has some failing ( e.g. , distorted the cost of merchandises ) and this failing in high degree of DIVER will be addition. The consequence suggests that merchandise diverseness increased the houses are more likely to utilizing ABC system. So for get the better ofing this failing the houses that produce more than five merchandises tend to be more likely to utilize ABC than houses with fewe r products.. DIVER does non play an of import function in extract ABC. This determination is contestant with Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found similar consequence. Previous surveies ( Cooper and Zmud 1990: Shields 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) suggest that organisational factors are more of import than technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by other variables. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed DIVER playing important functions. 3 ) Degree of operating expense ( OVER ) : The step of OVERE involved with the measuring of house ‘s cost construction and per centum of operating expense calculated and applied as a value of OVER. However, the descriptive statistic consequence ( table 5.15, p.190 ) shows in 52.7 % of houses, more than 24 % of entire cost is overhead, which is high degree of operating expense. These findings are rather similar to Xiong et Al. ( 2008 ) where they found that in Chinese fabrication houses the per centum of fabricating overhead disbursal have increased in recent decennaries. Furthermore, many research workers believed that the operating expenses allotment method in traditional costing system is non accurate, therefore the higher degree of overA ­head is the chief ground for altering the traditional costing system to new cost accounting systems such as ABC ( Narong, 2009 ; Xiong et al. , 2008 ) . H ( 3 ) that was antecedently expected a positive consequence of degree of operating expense on three positions of ABC is marginally supported. However, the determination shows mixes consequences and propose three different functions for relationships between OVER and execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC system. In execution phases, OVER is non an of import factor finding execution phases. In ABC acceptance, OVER positively influence the ABC acceptance. Furthermore OVER effects extract of ABC negatively. Kaplan ( 1991 ) believed that the overhead allotment system falsify the cost in traditional costing systems. The positive consequence of OVER on ABC acceptance is consistent with many research workers ( e.g. , Brent, 1992 ; Sohal and Chung, 1998 ; Wynder, 2008 ; Cagwin and Bouwman, 2002 ; Foster and Swenson, 1997 ) . The consequence suggested the houses with high OVER are more likely to follow ABC. Krumwiede ( 1998a ) argued that in low degree of overhead cost is a lower potency for cost deformations, and in this status, the benefits of ABC may be limited. In high degree of operating expense, potency for cost deformations is high. ABC may cut down merchandise cost deformations well ; nevertheless, this status might force houses to follow ABC system. In contrast houses with low OVER are more likely to finish acceptance procedure and meeting extract ABC. Besides this consequence is non congruence with of with Krumwiede ( 1998b ) who found that OVER does non impact extract ABC, is congruity with many research workers who found that the major trouble faced by following ABC successfully was finding of cost drivers and developing an activity lexicon ( e.g. , Khalid, 2005 ; Anand et al. , 2005 ) . They indicate that the higher the grade of OVER, the higher trouble is for happening cost drivers is. So it seems the troubles for happening accurate cost driver within acceptance phases hinder the houses to make extract ABC ( last phase ) . However, the determination shows mixes consequences for OVER and propose three different functions of OVER on three positions of ABC. This determination contestant by the invention theory that indicated a variable may hold different consequence on different phases ( Cooper and Zmud, 1990 ) . The overall consequence for over indicate the effects of OVER on three positions of ABC are changed. 6.2. Environmental factors and ABC 1 ) Perceived environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) : From expletory factor analysis for PEU, three constituent factors were extracted: â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-industrial † ( PEU-IND ) , â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-financial † ( PEU-FIN ) , â€Å" perceived environmental uncertainty-economical † ( PEU-ECO ) . Three dimensions of PEU measuring are based on gauging the predictability in many facets included: house ‘s providers, rivals, clients, financial/capital markets, authorities regulative, labour brotherhoods, and economic sciences, politics/technology. As shows by the descriptive statistic ( table 5.17, p.191 ) PEU in all factors have average tonss above 3.00. It means the economical activities of Iran are surrounded by high degree of sensed environment uncertainness ( PEU ) . In this status the houses may non be able to foretell future easy therefore impede them to implement ABC or other new advanced accounting system. Hypothesis 4 that provinces that PEU has a negative consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract is marginally supported. From three dimensions of PEU merely PEU-FIN affects negatively ABC execution, all three dimensions of PEU negatively affect ABC acceptance. Furthermore, PEU-FIN affects positively ABC extract. As expected, PEU appears to play a major function in the acceptance ABC. There are negative and important relationships between all three dimensions of PEU and ABC acceptance, bespeaking the lower the grade of PEU, the higher purpose for following ABC is. Besides this consequence is inconsistent with of Anderson ( 1995 ) where found that environmental uncertainness promotes ABC acceptance, is consistent with Jusoh ( 2008 ) who found PEU negatively affect Balanced Scorecard Measures ( BSC ) use. Although the relationships between environmental uncertainness and the execution phases, acceptance, and extract ABC have non tested in the study surveies before, the extent of literature in other cost invention system ( e.g. , mark costing and balanced scorecard ) and direction accounting systems ( MAS ) supported these relationships ( e.g. , Gul, 1991 ; Lat and Hassel 1998 ; Jusoh, 2008 ; Chenhall and Morris, 1993 ; Hussain, 2003 Ax et al. , ( 2008 ) . The common decision of these surveies is that when the environmental uncertainness is considered high, directors holding less entree to information needed to do determinations and can non delegate chances to the results of the determinations. It seems under unsure conditions, director ( possibly for cut downing the hazard of the altering system ) does non supply resources for implementing new invention system such as ABC. The low rate of utilizing ABC in Iran ( 6.91 % ) may explicate with this determination. In contrast, merely one PEU declines, PEU-FIN positively affect ABC extract. This consequence indicated that after houses adopt ABC system, the higher PEU-FIN motivates them to finish the execution procedure and involve to last phase ( used extensively ) or concluding end. PEU-FIN related to predictability of financial/capital markets aspect, it seems in unsure environment fiscal resources are instable therefore ; steadfast collapsible shelter to rapidly make the concluding end of execution procedure, if they wait the cost might increase dramatically. Furthermore, these houses need to utilize ABC as chief system cost accounting system to better their cost accounting information. These acquiring consequences are consistent with Anderson ( 1995 ) who indicated that environmental uncertainness promotes ABC. Furthermore, more late Ax et Al. ( 2008 ) found that the execution of mark costing was correlated with the degree of PEU. The overall determination indicates from three decline of PEU, PEU-FIN has important consequence on three on three positions of ABC. However, an of import determination of this survey is that PEU-FIN is besides associated with ABC extract. There is important consequence with merely one decline of PEU on extract ABC. — Some pervious research workers propose that organisational factors ( e.g. , house size, preparation, and direction support ) may impact the extract ABC procedure more than the technological and environmental variables ( e.g. , Shields, 1995 ; Cooper and Zmud 1990 ; Krumwiede, 1996 ) . 2 ) Degree of competition ( COMPT ) : Competition refers to the grade of competition a house faces in a peculiar market. Hypothesis 5 which predicted the positive consequence of COMPET on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract is partly supported. The COMPET positively affect execution phases and acceptance but COMPET is non an of import factor finding extract ABC. Malmi ( 1999 ) argued that competition influences the demand of accurate cost accounting information. The incorrect cost information in extremely competitory industries errors made, these errors may work by rivals instantly. Furthermore, Anderson and Young ( 1999 ) believed that in extremely competitory status, houses focus on sale monetary value and cost decrease. They argued that in this status new cost informations such as ABC are most valuable. Furthermore ABC may supply accurate and clear information that may assist tauten to cut down the cost. The determination that COMPET positively affect execution phases and acceptance quit similar to study consequence conducted by Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) who found that non-competitive state of affairss such as monopoly can take to utilize traditional cost accounting than with ABC. Furthermore, Anderson ( 1995 ) found competition played an of import function in conveying cost systems under direction review and improved the hunt for happe ning new cost direction attacks so high degree of competition encourage houses to follow ABC. In contrast, COMPET is non an of import factor finding extract ABC. Previous surveies ( Cooper and Zmud 1990: Shields 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ) believed that organisational factors are more of import than environmental or technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by organisational factors. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed COMPET playing important functions. 3 ) Business scheme: the accounting literature suggests that houses use peculiar accounting system, is depending on which scheme they adopt. Gosselin ( 1997 ) asserted that Miles and Snow ‘s typology is more appropriate for analyzing the issue of invention direction accounting systems such as ABC. This survey examined the grade to which houses emphasize each of the concern scheme types proposed by Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) who identified four strategic types of organisations harmonizing to the rate of alteration merchandises and markets: prospectors ( STRA-P ) , guardians ( STRA-D ) , analysers ( STRA-A ) , and reactors ( STRA-R ) . Prospectors are characterized by their dynamism in seeking market chances. Defenders have a scheme which is the polar antonym from prospectors they operate within a narrow product-market sphere characterized by high production volume and low merchandise diverseness. Analyzers stand between these two classs, sharing features of both prospectors and gua rdians. Reactors do non follow a witting scheme. As shows by the descriptive statistic ( see table 5.18, p.192 ) , most houses ( 32.4 ) adopt reactor scheme, prospector scheme is least adopted by houses ( 19.1 % ) . Hypothesis 6 ( H6 ) suggested that prospectors are more likely to be ( a ) in higher phases of ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser. H ( 6 ) is non supported. Although houses who adopt ABC employ a peculiar scheme, face-to-face with expected, analysers are more likely to be in higher phases of ABC execution and ABC adoptive parents Furthermore result indicated that extract ABC does non use a peculiar scheme. Although, the consequence did support hypothesis related to concern scheme, it shows analyser scheme with sharing advantages of both prospector and guardian is the best type of scheme to follow ABC and to travel to higher ABC execution. It seems in unsure environment that Persian houses faced, analysers houses have more tolerance and they can foretell necessary elements to do ABC acceptance determination, and to travel to higher ABC execution phases. These important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Bhimani et Al. ( 2005 ) where they found that scheme influenced the determination to see ABCM, scheme influenced the success of ABCM execution They asserted that houses will put more accent on peculiar accounting techniques or information, depending on which scheme they adopt. In contrast, the consequence indicated that for run intoing the last phase ( ABC extract phase ) houses no demand to use a peculiar scheme. This is what Moll ( 2005 ) found in her survey in that ABC user houses did non follow a peculiar scheme. As reference in old treatment, organisational factors are more of import than environmental or technological factors for making the extract phase. It seems achieve the concluding phase of ABC ( utilize extensively ) is an internal challenges which affected by organisational factors. Furthermore, possibly the comparatively little sample size for the extract analysis failed STRA playing important functions. 6.3. Organizational factors and ABC 1 ) Firm size ( SIZE ) : Size is measured as the degree of one-year gross revenues gross of the respondent ‘s houses. H ( 8 ) that proposed SIZE has a positive consequence on ( a ) ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC acceptance, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC extract strongly supports. The consequences suggested the SIZE significantly affect execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. As expected, the larger the company, the more likely it is to follow ABC, and wining to higher execution phases even last phase ( stage 7 extract phase ) . Larger companies may besides hold more resources to put for inventions like ABC. This determination is consistence with two statistical surveies by Krumwiede ( 1998b ) and Krumwiede and Suessmair, ( 2005 ) . Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found that SIZE was a important variable in the ABC acceptance analysis and Krumwiede and Suessmair ( 2005 ) found size positively affect extract and range to high degree of German cost accounting methods ( GPK ) . Bjornen ak ( 1997 ) argued that big houses have the needed resources, such as clip, financess, and forces to finance the substructure and, hence, are more capable of following ABC. Additionally, big houses with economic sciences of graduated table are more likely to afford the execution of ABC. Further, harmonizing to Van Nguyen and Brooks ( 1997 ) larger houses are more likely to hold greater entree to the cognition of design and implement ABC. 2 ) Top direction support: ( TMSUP ) : Krumwiede ( 1996 ) asserted the top direction support have connexion with houses that have begun acceptance ABC, therefore it merely tested for extract analysis together with both other technological and environmental factors. H ( 9 ) that stated top direction support has a positive consequence on ABC extract is strongly supported. The literature has identified that if top direction support the ABC, the hazard of the undertaking is reduced, entree to resources is increased and cut downing project uncertainness and thereby doing acceptance is easier ( e.g. Shields, 1995 ; Cooper et al. , 1992 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Brown et al. , 2004 ; Krumwiede and Suessmair, 2005 ; Melah and Nasir Ibrahim, 2006 ) . These important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Dosch and Wilson ( 2007 ) where they found that the most of import factors to ABC success was top direction support. Shields ( 1995 ) argued that the function of top di rectors ‘ support for ABC execution success is of import because can deny resources for acceptance an invention if they do non back up. Furthermore they can supply the political aid needed to actuate or force aside persons and alliances who resist the invention if they support. 3 ) Degree of preparation ( TRAIN ) : Because the Level of developing have connexion with houses that have begun acceptance ABC, it is non considered for the early acceptance ABC, and they merely tested for extract analysis together with other factors. Hypothesis 10 that asserted preparation has a positive consequence on ABC extract is non supported. The deficiency of significance for consequence of preparation on ABC extract is besides surprising. The determination that quit similar to study consequence conducted by Maelah and Nasir Ibrahim ( 2006 ) who did non happen found important influence of preparation on AB. Furthermore, Krumwiede ( 1998b ) found a negative consequence of train on ABC extract It seems the deficiency of significance for relationship between preparation and extract ABC is related to little sample size for the extract analysis ( n = 33 ) . Furthermore, from this little sample, more houses ( n = 20 ) houses are at the initial phase of ABC acceptance. Therefore, the preparation in relation to ABC was non looking as an of import factor among these organisations. 6.4 Changes the consequence of contextual factor Hypothesis 7 ( H7 ) stated that the consequence of these contextual factors: degree of information engineering quality, degree of merchandise diverseness, degree of operating expense, perceived environmental uncertainness, degree of competition, concern scheme, and steadfast size alteration in ABC execution phases. Consequence shows ( see table5.31, p.210 ) from 7 variable merely 2 variable ( SIZE and STRA-A ) have same consequence on the ABC execution phases and the H ( 7 ) partly supported. This determination besides is consistency with many ABC surveies ( e.g. , Anderson, 1995 ; Krumwiede, 1998b ; Gosselin, 1997 ) which found that the consequence of selected factors vary from phase to present. Although they use a different phase theoretical account and different factors, they found same consequence that different factors associated with the different phases. Furthermore, this determination is consistency with information systems ( IS ) invention theory ( Kwon and Zmud, 1987 ) which widely accepted by the most of ABC research workers. The theory suggested that alteration occur in phases and grade of importance for each contextual factor is differ in several ABC execution phases. 6.5 Organizational public presentation Two types of public presentation steps are typically used to measure a house ‘s public presentation: fiscal and non fiscal steps. Hussain ( 2003 ) asserted multidimensional public presentation steps improve the public presentation measuring. 1 ) Financial public presentation ( PER-FIN ) : Hypothesis 11 that proposed houses who are ( a ) in higher ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser have greater degree of fiscal public presentation is to the full supported. The consequences show houses who are in higher ABC execution phases have greater degree of fiscal public presentation than houses who are in lower phases. ABC adoptive parents have greater degree of fiscal public presentation than non adoptive parents houses. Furthermore the consequence indicated ABC infuser has greater degree of fiscal public presentation than non infuser houses. This is what Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) found in their survey in that positive relationship between ABC acceptance and betterment their fiscal public presentation. 1 ) Non fiscal public presentation ( PER-NFIN ) : Hypothesis 12 that asserted houses who are ( a ) in higher ABC execution phases, ( B ) ABC adoptive parents, and ( degree Celsius ) ABC infuser have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation is to the full supported. The consequences show houses who are in higher ABC execution phases have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than houses who are in lower phases. ABC adoptive parents have greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than non adoptive parents houses. Furthermore the consequence indicated ABC infuser has greater degree of non fiscal public presentation than non infuser houses. This important determination is consistent with a statistical survey conducted by Kennedy and Affleck-Graves ( 2001 ) where they found that the ABC acceptance significantly improves organisational public presentation including fiscal and non fiscal public presentation. Furthermore, Cooper et Al. ( 1992 ) argue that â€Å" the end of ABC is to increase net incomes, non to obtain more accurate costs † . Damanpour ( 1987 ) believed that directors are involved to the issue of bettering their organisational public presentation by following inventions. Cooper and Kaplan ( 1991 ) believed that ABC analysis enable directors to understand the beginnings of cost variableness and shows actions they can take to cut down demands on their organisational resources. Gering ( 1999 ) argued that activity-based costing by concentrating on which client or merchandise is profitable can better public presentation. Cagwin and Bouwman ( 2002 ) argued that steps of success of ABC related to better fiscal public presentation. Some research workers named extract ABC as an ABC success while acceptance is means apply ABC and get down point for implementing ABC. Meanwhile, proving ABC extract shows the clear imagination of ABC acceptance success. Sing the benefits of ABC, nevertheless, are most of import groundss which indicated that ABC user increased net incomes and obtained more public presentation. Some benefits which ABC research workers found as follow: more able to mensurate cost accurately, better apprehension of merchandise costing, and develop public presentation measurings ( Kiani and Sangeladjiai, 2003 ; Khalid, 2005 ) , better understanding for cost decrease chances, and improves managerial determination and besides proviso of better cost control, higher degrees of satisfaction with their organisations bing system ( Moll, 2005 ; Brent 1992 ) , bettering the truth of cost measured for different merchandises and services by more accurately delegating direct cost, utility of cost information for det ermination ( Clausen, 2002 ; Cooper and Kaplan, 1992 ) , Supplying a dependable indicant of long-term variable merchandise cost which is peculiarly relevant to, managerial decision-making at a strategic degree ( Sohal and Chung, 1998 ) . 6.6. Deductions of the survey The findings of this survey have both practical and theoretical deductions. Attewell ( 1992 ) observed that most statistical surveies on inventions have used two distinguishable positions for analysis: acceptance and extract. But this survey effort utilizing one more distinguishable position for analysis: execution phases. 6.6.1. Theoretical deductions At the degree of theory, the primary relevancy lies in its scrutiny in three distinguishable positions: execution phases, acceptance, and extract of ABC. This survey attempts to lend to the theoretical organic structure of cognition in four Fieldss. In the file of cost accountings invention, the determination can explicate utilizing ABC as an of import cost accounting invention. ABC introduced to get the better of failing of traditional cost accounting system. Although utilizing ABC demonstrates advantages and improves house ‘s public presentation ; degree of utilizing of this system is still lower than traditional 1. Besides the determination may explicate this paradox by demoing the negative consequence of some factors on ABC acceptance which are non under the directions control ( e.g. , environmental uncertainness ) or affect of some factors opposite what was antecedently expected ( e.g. , information engineering quality ) . The potency for direction accounting literature ( MAS ) to inform ABC execution research is highlighted by this survey. Mireover, this survey contributes to the accounting invention literature refering the combination consequence of certain contextual factors on execution phases, acceptance, and ext ract of ABC. Further, the chief part is conceptualisation of sensed environmental uncertainness ( PEU ) and its investigated consequence that indicated influences of PEU on execution phases, acceptance, and extract of activity-based costing ( ABC ) . This survey identified the PEU as a most of import determiner for making the acceptance and extract of ABC. In add-on, this survey contributes to the literature sing to applied multidimensional public presentation steps and trial difference of fiscal and non fiscal public presentation between adoptive parents / non adoptive parents, infusers / non infusers, and low execution phases / high phases groups. Furthermore, the survey contributes to the strategic direction literature with supplying groundss refering the designation and measuring of Miles and Snow ‘s scheme typology. Furthermore the determination can explicate that houses use peculiar accounting system, is depending on which scheme they adopt. 6.6.2. Practical deductions From the determination of this survey, there are deductions in four practical countries. First sing the ABC system designs, different contextual factors ( i.e. , technological, environmental, and organisational factors ) are tested to happen whether they affect acceptance, and extract ABC. The determination is shown technological factors ( e.g. , Information system quality, merchandises diverseness, and operating expense ) , environmental factors ( e.g. , Uncertainty, competition, and scheme ) and organisational factors ( e.g. , size ) consequence the acceptance ABC. Furthermore, the consequences indicate the positive function for these full variables except information engineering and uncertainness that affect ABC acceptance negatively. Furthermore, the consequence shows size, direction support, and uncertainty-financial positively affect extract ABC. Focus on factors that influence ABC acceptance and extract will supply utile flashiness for houses who are interested for using ABC. Based on the determination of this survey, organisations in high rate of positive ABC adoptive parents features are the good campaigners for following ABC. It seems these consequences may be of import for non-ABC adoptive parents houses sing acceptance or ABC adoptive parents houses sing extract ABC. Organizations may desire to compare themselves on these factors to find how closely they make consecutive with following and infusing houses. Second, with respect to the regard of concern scheme use, the determination provides groundss that concern scheme is a cardinal component in the implementing and following ABC system. The determination indicated adoptive parents houses are following peculiar scheme. From Miles and Snow ( 1978 ) scheme typology, analyser are more likely to be in higher ABC execution phase and besides ABC acceptance. Based on the determination of this survey, houses that choose analyzer scheme analyser are good campaigners for following ABC. Thus these companies may be refering for utilizing ABC to develop their cost accounting system. Organizations may desire to compare themselves on scheme to find how closely they make consecutive with adopting houses. Third, the most of import determination of this survey is following and inculcating ABC system better both fiscal and non fiscal organisational public presentation. These consequences should be of import for non-ABC adoptive parents houses sing acceptance or ABC adoptive parents houses sing extract ABC. Firms may actuate to following ABC to better their organisational public presentation. Furthermore, houses who are adopted ABC may better their cost accounting methods by extract ABC and accomplishing concluding end. 6.7. Restriction As with any research, this survey has many restrictions that must be cited. The undermentioned restrictions are the most relevant. First, the pick of trying frame is old restrictions. This survey covers merely fabricating sectors selected from Tehran Stock Exchange ( TSE ) and consequences of the survey besides need to be generalized with cautiousness. There are any generalisations of the consequences to other sector ( e.g. , distribution, retail, services, transit, and others ) should be with cautiousness. In this instance future research should see other sectors such as service and non-profit sectors, authorities organisation in order to acquire better apprehension of the ABC system and its application. Further, the existent population of fabrication houses in whole Iran was non considered. In this instance, future research should look into across geographical parts in Iran to get the better of the restriction of little sample size. Second, the response rate was reasonably high at a degree of 44 % and t-test was performed to try forestalling this job. Gosselin ( 1995 ) believed that there is no manner to cognize for certain whether the non-respondents are different than the respondents. However, it can non reason that respondents are equal option for the whole population of fabrication listed on TSE. For future research suggested that uses both questionnaire study and instance survey methods to avoid this restriction. Third, questionnaire were use to obtain informations and focused for mensurating the respondents ‘ perceptual experiences. Therefore, the variable steps are more subjective than other possible types of information. For illustration in this survey the operating expense cost assumes as an independent variable and its measuring was more subjective, future research should put a greater concern for measuring variables and should utilize secondary informations for mensurating some variable such as house size, diverseness, operating expense and fiscal public presentation to order garnering nonsubjective informations. Next, the decision-making procedures are rather complex and likely related to extra factors which are non tested in this survey. Surveies are limited by a deficiency of other contextual factor. In this instance, future research should clear up the relationship between international PEU perceptual experience, entry manner scheme and ABC acceptance. Finally, a study attack enhances the external cogency of the findings, but for farther improved it should be better to carry on follow-up interviews if it been possible. 6.8. Decision Activity-based costing is the most of import accounting invention. It was developed for get the better ofing the merchandise cost deformation that caused by utilizing traditional costing system ( TCA ) , and research workers have agreed that ABC allocates overhead costs more accurately than TCA. In fact, the possible offered by the survey may good transcend the other accounting inventions. ABC has gained increasing public presentation and consciousness throughout the fabrication houses. Sing the benefits of ABC, empirical groundss show that ABC user increased net incomes and enhance organisational public presentation. In the current survey Logit analysis was used to prove the effects of several contextual factors on execution, acceptance and extract of ABC. These contextual factors were classified as technological, environmental, and organisational factors. Overall findings show the consequence of the technological factors ( e.g. , Information system quality, merchandises diverseness, and operating expense ) , on execution, acceptance and extract is marginally supported. The overall consequence of environmental factors ( e.g. , Uncertainty, competition, and scheme ) on these three distinct positions of ABC is partly supported. Meanwhile, the overall consequence of organisational factors ( e.g. , size, direction support, and preparation ) is ABC is partly supported. Fur thermore, three interesting consequence of this survey were: The negative consequence of IT on acceptance ABC, The negative consequence of operating expense on extract ABC, and the positive consequence of uncertainty-financial on extract ABC Furthermore, this survey found the betterment of house ‘s public presentation in the acceptance and extract phase of ABC. The primary focal point of this work is non to develop new theatrical processs to follow ABC system and brow a 7 phases model from other research worker, but to research how this theoretical account would work when the environment and the factors combination are changed. Three theoretical accounts were developed to capture the consequence of certain factors on different phases of ABC. Adoption theoretical account look into the influences of contextual factors when ABC is used on occasion, while in extract theoretical account, ABC is used extensively. Furthermore, ABC execution phases model effort to happen the different consequence of this contextual factors on different phases. This survey follows the theory that used by most of ABC acceptance research, which is called information systems ( IS ) invention theory. ABC is defined as a direction accounting invention, and it is considered as an administrative invention ( versus technological invention ) .This survey is an invention research, tried to explicate execution procedure by utilizing a factor-based attack ( versus a eventuality attack ) . This survey found grounds that perceived environment uncertainness ( PEU ) plays an of import function in execution, acceptance, and extract phase of ABC. It is besides of import to observe Iran face with in unpredictable environment. The findings suggest that under unsure conditions, director does non supply resources for implementing new invention system such as ABC. The consequences besides provide grounds on the function ABC as an invention accounting systems to better fiscal and non fiscal public presentation. How to cite Contextual factors on the adoption and infusion of ABC, Essay examples